Cost ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
3 findings from 1 review
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
Gastrointestinal adverse events · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
Xylitol showed no clear difference in gastrointestinal‐related adverse events compared with control (moderate certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
RR 1.04 [0.92, 1.16]
1 study · 326 participants
Moderate
RR 1.43 [0.74, 2.75]
3 studies · 1826 participants
Moderate
RR 2.82 [0.61, 13]
1 study · 1277 participants
Moderate
Antibiotic administration · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
Xylitol showed no clear difference in antibiotic administration compared with control (moderate certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Frequency of meningitis · patients with a recent BSF independent of the presence or severity of CSF leakage
The intervention showed no clear difference in frequency of meningitis (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
All‐cause mortality · patients with a recent BSF independent of the presence or severity of CSF leakage
The intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Meningitis‐related mortality · patients with a recent BSF independent of the presence or severity of CSF leakage
The intervention showed no clear difference in meningitis‐related mortality (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Need for surgical correction in patients with CSF leakage · patients with a recent BSF independent of the presence or severity of CSF leakage
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Non‐CNS infection · patients with a recent BSF independent of the presence or severity of CSF leakage
The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐CNS infection (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Side effects ‐ any clinical side effects during intervention · patients with the prevention of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media in children
Antibiotic showed no clear difference in side effects ‐ any clinical side effects during intervention compared with control ‐ secondary outcomes (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Sore throat · patients with sore throat
Antibiotics probably leads to lower sore throat: day 3 compared with control (moderate certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Fever · patients with sore throat
Antibiotics showed no clear difference in fever: day 3 compared with control (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Headache · patients with sore throat
Antibiotics leads to lower headache: day 3 compared with control (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Rheumatic fever · patients with sore throat
Antibiotics probably leads to lower rheumatic fever (within 2 months, clinical diagnosis) compared with control (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Glomerulonephritis · patients with sore throat
Antibiotics showed no clear difference in glomerulonephritis (within 1 month, clinical diagnosis) compared with control (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Quinsy · patients with sore throat
Antibiotics leads to lower quinsy (within 2 months, clinical diagnosis) compared with control (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Otitis media · patients with sore throat
Antibiotics leads to lower otitis media (within 14 days, clinical diagnosis) compared with control (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Cases of influenza A during prophylaxis ( · children with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment)
The intervention may leads to lower cases of influenza A during prophylaxis ( (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Dizziness ( · children with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment)
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes dizziness ( (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Nausea/vomiting ( · children with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment)
The intervention showed no clear difference in nausea/vomiting ( (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Stimulation/insomnia · children with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment)
1 finding from 1 review