Side effects (maternal) ‐ long‐term backache · women in labour
Epidural showed no clear difference in side effects (maternal) ‐ long‐term backache compared with opioids (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Admission to neonatal or intensive care nursery · women in labour
Epidural showed no clear difference in admission to special care baby unit/neonatal intensive care unit (as… compared with opioids (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in labour
Epidural showed no clear difference in apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes compared with opioids (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of women requiring supplemental intra‐operative analgesia at any time after CSE or spinal anaesthetic insertion · women undergoing caesarean section
It is very uncertain whether combined spinal‐epidural changes number of women requiring supplemental intra‐operative analgesia at… compared with high‐dose spinal (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of women requiring supplemental intra‐operative analgesia at any time after CSE or spinal anaesthetic insertion · women undergoing caesarean section
Combined spinal‐epidural showed no clear difference in number of women requiring supplemental intra‐operative analgesia at… compared with low‐dose spinal (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects of epidural anaesthesia ‐ not reported · Patients undergoing thoracotomy
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Duration of labour analgesia in minutes · term, pregnant women (nulliparous, or combination of nulli‐ and muliparous) requesting for labour epidural analgesia
1 finding from 1 review
Regional analgesia (epidural/spinal) · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes)
It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity of care models changes regional analgesia (epidural/spinal) compared with other models of care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Additional analgesia required (epidural, pethidine and Entonox) · women in labour
IM pethidine may leads to lower additional analgesia required (epidural, pethidine and Entonox) compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Maternal satisfaction with analgesia, maternal pain score or pain measured in labour, additional analgesia, epidural
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Use of analgesia and epidural during labour · pregnant women in latent phase of labour stimulated with oxytocin for with induction of labour. No exclusion criteria were applied in…
Discontinued intravenous (IV) oxytocin stimulation may leads to higher use of analgesia and epidural during labour compared with continued IV oxytocin stimulation (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Any pharmacological or non‐pharmacological analgesia use excluding epidural · women in established labour and their babies.
1 finding from 1 review
Any pharmacological or non‐pharmacological analgesia use excluding epidural · women in established labour and their babies.
1 finding from 1 review
Any pharmacological or non‐pharmacological analgesia use excluding epidural · women in established labour and their babies.
1 finding from 1 review
Participant satisfaction with analgesia (point) Scale from zero to 10 · patients with knee replacement surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Additional analgesia required (escape analgesia) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery
Remifentanil (PCA) probably leads to higher additional analgesia required compared with epidural/CSE (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Persistent pain 3 to 18 months after thoracotomy (We defined persistent postsurgical pain as new pain that did not exist before the operation, measured using differences in scores based on validated pain scales; patient interview between 3 to 18 m... · Patients undergoing thoracotomy
Thoracic epidural anaesthesia probably leads to lower persistent pain 3 to 18 months after thoracotomy (We defined… compared with conventional pain control (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Breakthrough pain · term, pregnant women (nulliparous, or combination of nulli‐ and muliparous) requesting for labour epidural analgesia
Automated mandatory bolus probably leads to lower breakthrough pain compared with basal infusion (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Maternal satisfaction following fetal delivery · term, pregnant women (nulliparous, or combination of nulli‐ and muliparous) requesting for labour epidural analgesia
1 finding from 1 review
APGAR score (APGAR score ) · term, pregnant women (nulliparous, or combination of nulli‐ and muliparous) requesting for labour epidural analgesia
1 finding from 1 review