Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

427 questions · 437 findings · 29 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 77 · 17.6%GRADE not reported 61 · 14%Very low 130 · 29.7%Low 103 · 23.6%Moderate 54 · 12.4%High 12 · 2.7%

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

Desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ tranquillised at 60 minutes · patients with schizophrenia

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS may leads to higher desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ tranquillised at 60 minutes compared with PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

Desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ asleep at 12 hours · patients with schizophrenia

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS showed no clear difference in desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ asleep at 12 hours compared with PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ACUPUNCTURE added to LOW DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Behaviour: Leaving the study early (short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether ACUPUNCTURE added to LOW DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS changes behaviour: Leaving the study early (short‐term) compared with STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ACUPUNCTURE added to LOW DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Mental state: 2. Not improved (BPRS, < 30% decrease in BPRS score) · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether ACUPUNCTURE added to LOW DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS changes mental state: BPRS (not improved, reduced rate < 30%, short‐term) compared with STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ACUPUNCTURE added to STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Global state: Not improved, endpoint ‐ medium‐term (various similar criteria) · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether ACUPUNCTURE added to STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS changes global state: Not improved, endpoint ‐ medium‐term (various similar… compared with STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ACUPUNCTURE added to STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Mental state: PANSS (not improved, reduced rated < 25%, short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether ACUPUNCTURE added to STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS changes mental state: PANSS (not improved, reduced rated < 25%, short‐term) compared with STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ACUPUNCTURE added to STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Behaviour: Leaving the study early (short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether ACUPUNCTURE added to STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS changes behaviour: Leaving the study early (short‐term) compared with STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ACUPUNCTURE added to STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Adverse effects: Central Nervous System ‐ insomnia (short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia

ACUPUNCTURE added to STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS may leads to lower adverse effects: Central Nervous System ‐ insomnia (short‐term) compared with STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs antipsychotics

Risk for at least one adverse event per patient · schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics changes adverse events ‐ Participants with at least one AE (separated time… compared with antipsychotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs CBT plus antipsychotics

Global state ‐ number of participants with relapse/exacerbations of psychosis (separated time points) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics changes global state ‐ number of participants with relapse/exacerbations of… compared with CBT plus antipsychotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs CBT plus antipsychotics

Leaving the study early/ loss to · schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics changes leaving the study early ‐ for any reason ‐ overall acceptability… compared with CBT plus antipsychotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review