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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prone horizontal vs right lateral horizontal positioning Episodes of oxygen desaturation · spontaneously breathing preterm infants with apnoea Body positioning for spontaneously breathing preterm infants with apnoea (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 88 participants | Very low |
Prone horizontal vs right lateral horizontal positioning Episodes of severe apnoea · spontaneously breathing preterm infants with apnoea Body positioning for spontaneously breathing preterm infants with apnoea (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 88 participants | Very low |
Prone horizontal vs right lateral horizontal positioning Episodes of bradycardia · spontaneously breathing preterm infants with apnoea Body positioning for spontaneously breathing preterm infants with apnoea (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 88 participants | Very low |
Prone horizontal vs right lateral horizontal positioning Episodes of severe bradycardia · spontaneously breathing preterm infants with apnoea Body positioning for spontaneously breathing preterm infants with apnoea (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 88 participants | Very low |
Prone horizontal vs left lateral horizontal positioning Episodes of apnoea · spontaneously breathing preterm infants with apnoea Body positioning for spontaneously breathing preterm infants with apnoea (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 131 participants | Low |
Fluid restricted vs liberal fluids compared to placebo Duration of oxygen therapy · treatment of preterm babies with chronic lung disease Fluid restriction for treatment of preterm infants with chronic lung disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Fluid restricted vs liberal fluids compared to placebo Duration of hospitalisation · treatment of preterm babies with chronic lung disease Fluid restriction for treatment of preterm infants with chronic lung disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Fluid restricted vs liberal fluids compared to placebo Daily weight gain · treatment of preterm babies with chronic lung disease Fluid restriction for treatment of preterm infants with chronic lung disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Fluid restricted vs liberal fluids compared to placebo Proportion with apnoea · treatment of preterm babies with chronic lung disease Fluid restriction for treatment of preterm infants with chronic lung disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [0.98, 1.86] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Sildenafil vs placebo PaO2 in mmHg (absolute values) After 24‐25 hours · pulmonary hypertension in neonates Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 57 participants | Low |
Sildenafil vs placebo Change in oxygenation index After 24 hours of treatment · pulmonary hypertension in neonates Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 12 participants | Low |
Sildenafil vs placebo All‐cause mortality · pulmonary hypertension in neonates Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.07, 0.56] | 3 studies · 77 participants | Low |
Sildenafil vs active control All‐cause mortality · pulmonary hypertension in neonates Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.05, 5.75] | 1 study · 65 participants | Very low |
Sildenafil plus iNO vs placebo plus iNO All‐cause mortality · pulmonary hypertension in neonates Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.26, 6.28] | 1 study · 24 participants | Low |
Sildenafil plus iNO vs placebo plus iNO Length of stay in hospital (days) · pulmonary hypertension in neonates Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs control (no antibiotics) Incidence of confirmed sepsis in first 28 days · symptomatic neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 445 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs control (no antibiotics) Incidence of suspected sepsis · asymptomatic neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 250 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs control (no antibiotics) Incidence of mechanical ventilation · asymptomatic neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.13 [0.55, 8.34] | 1 study · 250 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs control (no antibiotics) Duration of respiratory distress, hours · asymptomatic neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 250 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs control (no antibiotics) Incidence of MAS · asymptomatic neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.67, 2.04] | 1 study · 250 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs control (no antibiotics) Mortality (before discharge) · symptomatic neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.69 [0.23, 12.53] | 3 studies · 445 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs control (no antibiotics) Duration of oxygen therapy, days · symptomatic neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 405 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs control (no antibiotics) Duration of hospital stay, days · symptomatic neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 146 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs control (no antibiotics) Incidence of mechanical ventilation · symptomatic neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.52, 2.67] | 3 studies · 445 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs control (no antibiotics) Incidence of respiratory failure · symptomatic neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.51, 2.83] | 2 studies · 405 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs control (no antibiotics) Incidence of confirmed sepsis in first 28 days · asymptomatic neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 250 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs control (no antibiotics) Mortality (before discharge) · asymptomatic neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.22, 5.18] | 1 study · 250 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs control (no antibiotics) Duration of oxygen therapy, days · asymptomatic neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 250 participants | Low |
Neonatal vitamin A supplementation vs control All‐cause infant mortality at 6 months: risk ratios based on cumulative risk (%, adjusted for clustering) ‐ term infants · mortality and morbidity in term neonates Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in low and… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.54, 1.18] | 3 studies · 22721 participants | Very low |
Neonatal vitamin A supplementation vs control All‐cause infant mortality at 6 months: risk ratios based on cumulative risk (%, adjusted for clustering) ‐ all infants · mortality and morbidity in term neonates Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in low and… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.89, 1.07] | 11 studies · 154634 participants | High |
Neonatal vitamin A supplementation vs control All‐cause neonatal mortality: risk ratios based on cumulative risk (%, adjusted for clustering) ‐ all infants · mortality and morbidity in term neonates Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in low and… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.9, 1.08] | 5 studies · 126242 participants | High |
Neonatal vitamin A supplementation vs control Adverse events during first 48‐72 hours post supplementation ‐ bulging fontanelle · mortality and morbidity in term neonates Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in low and… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.53 [1.11, 2.11] | 5 studies · 100256 participants | High |
Neonatal vitamin A supplementation vs control Adverse events during first 48‐72 hours post supplementation ‐ vomiting · mortality and morbidity in term neonates Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in low and… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.93, 1.07] | 5 studies · 99582 participants | High |
Neonatal vitamin A supplementation vs control Adverse events during first 48‐72 hours post supplementation ‐ diarrhoea · mortality and morbidity in term neonates Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in low and… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.81, 1.13] | 5 studies · 102638 participants | Low |
Neonatal vitamin A supplementation vs control Vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol < 0.70 micromol/L) at 6 weeks of age · mortality and morbidity in term neonates Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in low and… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.75, 1.19] | 1 study · 612 participants | High |
Neonatal vitamin A supplementation vs control Vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol < 0.70 micromol/L) at 4 months of age · mortality and morbidity in term neonates Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in low and… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.64, 1.62] | 1 study · 369 participants | High |
Saline irrigation with or without prior infiltration of hyaluronidase vs standard wound care Complete wound healing after saline irrigation with or without prior hyaluronidase infiltration (wound healing): clinical assessment · neonates requiring management of extravasation injury Saline irrigation for the management of skin extravasation injury in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 237 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Heart rate during painful procedure · procedural pain in neonates Skin‐to‐skin care for procedural pain in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 161 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Heart rate following painful procedure · procedural pain in neonates Skin‐to‐skin care for procedural pain in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 120 participants | High |
Intervention NR PIPP Score 30 seconds after painful procedure · procedural pain in neonates Skin‐to‐skin care for procedural pain in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 268 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR NIPS ‐ Proportion of infants in low or no pain during procedure · procedural pain in neonates Skin‐to‐skin care for procedural pain in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 480 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR NIPS ‐ Infants in no pain during recovery · procedural pain in neonates Skin‐to‐skin care for procedural pain in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 380 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Duration of cry (seconds) following heel lance · procedural pain in neonates Skin‐to‐skin care for procedural pain in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 33 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Duration of cry (seconds) following IM injection · procedural pain in neonates Skin‐to‐skin care for procedural pain in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 100 participants | Moderate |
EMLA vs placebo Pain using PIPP score · preterm infants Topical anaesthesia for needle‐related pain in newborn infants (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 38 participants | Low |
EMLA vs placebo Pain using NIPS score · preterm infants Topical anaesthesia for needle‐related pain in newborn infants (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 38 participants | Low |
EMLA vs placebo Successful venepuncture first attempt · preterm infants Topical anaesthesia for needle‐related pain in newborn infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.93, 1.03] | 1 study · 111 participants | Low |
EMLA vs placebo Adverse effects (short‐lasting skin reactions) · preterm infants Topical anaesthesia for needle‐related pain in newborn infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.65 [1.24, 2.19] | 3 studies · 272 participants | Low |
Amethocaine vs placebo Pain · preterm infants Topical anaesthesia for needle‐related pain in newborn infants (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 110 participants | Low |
Amethocaine vs placebo Successful cannulation first attempt · preterm infants Topical anaesthesia for needle‐related pain in newborn infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.82, 1.81] | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |