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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant

current versions

No studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Topical disinfectants vs standard care or other active treatment (antibiotic or other disinfectant) Catheter removal or replacement (number of patients) · patients with CKD on peritoneal dialysis Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.89 [0.57, 1.38]	6 studies · 792 participants	Low
Antibody (T cell) vs steroid (stratified by antibody type) Failure of reversal of acute rejection · kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.5 [0.3, 0.82]	6 studies · 405 participants	Moderate
Antibody (T cell) + steroid vs steroid alone Graft loss censored for death · treatment of first rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.33 [0.03, 4.16]	2 studies · 50 participants	Very low
Antibody (T cell) + steroid vs steroid alone Death · treatment of first rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.86 [0.53, 1.39]	2 studies · 50 participants	Low
Muromonab‐CD3 (T cell) vs other antibody (stratified by comparator) Failure of acute rejection reversal · kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.84 [0.92, 3.67]	2 studies · 132 participants	Moderate
Muromonab‐CD3 (T cell) vs other antibody (stratified by comparator) Recurrent rejection · kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.06 [0.59, 1.88]	2 studies · 129 participants	Moderate
Muromonab‐CD3 (T cell) vs other antibody (stratified by comparator) Treatment adverse events: fever, chills, malaise after drug administration · kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 3.12 [1.87, 5.21]	2 studies · 132 participants	Low
Muromonab‐CD3 (T cell) vs other antibody (stratified by comparator) Treatment adverse events: neurological side effects · kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 13.1 [1.43, 120.05]	2 studies · 132 participants	Low
Rituximab (B cell) + steroid vs steroid alone Failure of reversal of acute rejection · kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.94 [0.54, 1.64]	2 studies · 53 participants	Moderate
Rituximab (B cell) + steroid vs steroid alone Graft loss or death with a functioning graft · kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.23, 4.35]	2 studies · 58 participants	Moderate
Rituximab (B cell) + steroid vs steroid alone Death · kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 58 participants	High
Rituximab (B cell) + steroid vs steroid alone Treatment adverse events: UTI/pyelonephritis · kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 5.73 [1.8, 18.21]	1 study · 38 participants	Moderate
Antibody (T cell) vs steroid (stratified by antibody type) Recurrent rejection · kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.75 [0.56, 1]	9 studies · 508 participants	Moderate
Antibody vs other antibody (stratified by antibody type) Failure of acute rejection reversal · kidney transplant recipients: steroid‐resistant rejection episodes Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.07 [0.63, 1.81]	5 studies · 244 participants	Low
Antibody vs other antibody (stratified by antibody type) Recurrent rejection · kidney transplant recipients: steroid‐resistant rejection episodes Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.78 [0.47, 1.28]	5 studies · 284 participants	Low
Antibody vs other antibody (stratified by antibody type) Graft loss censored for death · kidney transplant recipients: steroid‐resistant rejection episodes Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.86 [0.34, 2.17]	5 studies · 244 participants	Low
Antibody vs other antibody (stratified by antibody type) Graft loss or death with a functioning graft · kidney transplant recipients: steroid‐resistant rejection episodes Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.81 [0.43, 1.51]	5 studies · 211 participants	Low
Antibody vs other antibody (stratified by antibody type) Death · kidney transplant recipients: steroid‐resistant rejection episodes Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.39 [0.09, 1.65]	3 studies · 175 participants	Low
Antibody vs other antibody (stratified by antibody type) Treatment adverse events: fever, chills, malaise after drug administration · kidney transplant recipients: steroid‐resistant rejection episodes Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Low
Antibody vs other antibody (stratified by antibody type) Treatment adverse events: bacterial infection · kidney transplant recipients: steroid‐resistant rejection episodes Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 8.64 [1.64, 45.56]	2 studies · 109 participants	Very low
Antibody (T cell) vs steroid (stratified by antibody type) Graft loss or death with a functioning graft · kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.84 [0.58, 1.22]	8 studies · 490 participants	Low
Antibody (T cell) vs steroid (stratified by antibody type) Graft loss censored for death · kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.8 [0.57, 1.12]	8 studies · 475 participants	Low
Antibody (T cell) vs steroid (stratified by antibody type) Death · kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.51, 1.88]	7 studies · 413 participants	Very low
Antibody (T cell) vs steroid (stratified by antibody type) Treatment adverse events: fever, chill, or malaise after drug administration · kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 23.88 [5.1, 111.86]	4 studies · 280 participants	Very low
Antibody (T cell) + steroid vs steroid alone Failure of reversal of acute rejection episode · treatment of first rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.42 [0.17, 1.01]	1 study · 30 participants	Low
Antibody (T cell) + steroid vs steroid alone Recurrent rejection · treatment of first rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.07 [0, 1.06]	1 study · 30 participants	Low
Antibody (T cell) + steroid vs steroid alone Graft loss or death with a functioning graft · treatment of first rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients: first rejection episode Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.35 [0.02, 5.14]	2 studies · 52 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Death (including CNI) · kidney transplant recipients Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.75 [0.27, 2.06]	5 studies · 632 participants	Low
Intervention NR Biopsy‐proven CAN (ESW with alemtuzumab only) · kidney transplant recipients Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 2.45 [1.02, 5.94]	2 studies · 86 participants	Low
Intervention NR CMV infection (all studies) · kidney transplant recipients Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.08 [0.46, 2.56]	3 studies · 225 participants	Low
Intervention NR NODAT (ESW alemtuzumab only) · kidney transplant recipients Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.41 [0.12, 1.4]	2 studies · 69 participants	Low
Intervention NR Malignancy (all studies) · kidney transplant recipients Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 4.93 [0.59, 41.11]	3 studies · 187 participants	Very low
Intervention NR All‐cause graft loss (including CNI) · kidney transplant recipients Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.65 [0.36, 1.19]	3 studies · 549 participants	Low
Intervention NR Delayed graft function · kidney transplant recipients Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.78, 1.1]	9 studies · 1304 participants	Low
Intervention NR Acute rejection (including CNI) · kidney transplant recipients Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.61 [0.49, 0.76]	12 studies · 1491 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Infection: CMV infection · kidney transplant recipients Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.55 [1.24, 1.95]	6 studies · 1072 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Malignancy · kidney transplant recipients Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.94 [0.3, 2.94]	7 studies · 891 participants	Low
Intervention NR Death (ESW both arms) · kidney transplant recipients Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.27 [0.07, 1.06]	3 studies · 180 participants	Low
Intervention NR All‐cause graft loss (ESW both arms) · kidney transplant recipients Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.6 [0.34, 1.08]	4 studies · 360 participants	Low
Intervention NR Acute rejection (ESW both arms) · kidney transplant recipients Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.57 [0.35, 0.93]	4 studies · 360 participants	Moderate
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal vs standard dose CNI Death · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.09 [0.96, 1.24]	2010 participants	Moderate
Low dose calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) vs to standard dose CNI GFR · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	13 studies · 2623 participants	Moderate
Low dose calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) vs to standard dose CNI Graft loss · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.75 [0.55, 1.02]	15 studies · 3286 participants	Moderate
Low dose calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) vs to standard dose CNI Adverse events: hypertension · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.84 [0.7, 1]	5 studies · 1877 participants	Low
Low dose calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) vs to standard dose CNI Adverse events: CMV infection · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.23 [0.94, 1.62]	6 studies · 1948 participants	Moderate
Low dose calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) vs to standard dose CNI Adverse events: malignancy · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.9 [0.41, 1.97]	5 studies · 1637 participants	Low
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI Death · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.69, 1.4]	23 studies · 5427 participants	Moderate
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI Acute rejection · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.43 [1.15, 1.78]	30 studies · 5903 participants	Moderate
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI Graft loss · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.94 [0.75, 1.19]	25 studies · 5446 participants	Low
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI Adverse events: hypertension · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.86 [0.64, 1.15]	7 studies · 2207 participants	Low