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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Perazine vs placebo Overall mental state less than 30% BPRS reduction · patients with schizophrenia Perazine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.61, 1.09] | 1 study · 95 participants | Low |
Perazine vs placebo Movement disorders number of participants receiving antiparkinson medication · patients with schizophrenia Perazine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 4.5 [1.04, 19.45] | 1 study · 95 participants | Very low |
Perazine vs placebo Overall tolerability Leaving the studies early due to adverse events · patients with schizophrenia Perazine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Perazine vs placebo Satisfaction with care ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Perazine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Perazine vs placebo Quality of life ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Perazine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Perazine vs other antipsychotics Global state change over time (no better or deterioration) · patients with schizophrenia Perazine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.36, 4.97] | 1 study · 30 participants | Low |
Perazine vs other antipsychotics Overall mental state BPRS endpoint score. Scale from: 0 to 108. · patients with schizophrenia Perazine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: ADJUNCT PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY vs TREATMENT Behaviour: Cannabis use: 1. frequency of use (group‐based therapy) (high = bad) ‐ medium term Cannabis use. Scale from: 0 to 17. · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Moderate |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY (SPECIFICALLY ABOUT CANNABIS AND PSYCHOSIS) vs NON‐SPECIFIC PSYCOEDUCTION Global state: relapse ‐ medium term ‐ not reported · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY (SPECIFICALLY ABOUT CANNABIS AND PSYCHOSIS) vs NON‐SPECIFIC PSYCOEDUCTION General functioning: no clinically important change in general functioning ‐ medium term ‐ not reported · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY (SPECIFICALLY ABOUT CANNABIS AND PSYCHOSIS) vs NON‐SPECIFIC PSYCOEDUCTION Adverse effects: no clinically important adverse effects ‐ medium term ‐ not measured · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY (SPECIFICALLY ABOUT CANNABIS AND PSYCHOSIS) vs NON‐SPECIFIC PSYCOEDUCTION Leaving the study early ‐ medium term ‐ not reported · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY (SPECIFICALLY ABOUT CANNABIS AND PSYCHOSIS) vs NON‐SPECIFIC PSYCOEDUCTION Satisfaction with treatment ‐ medium term ‐ not measured · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: ANTIPSYCHOTIC 'A' vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC 'B' for Behaviour: Cannabis use 3: Traces of cannabis breakdown products in urine ‐ medium term · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA. Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.8 [0.52, 6.22] | 1 study · 16 participants | Moderate |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: ANTIPSYCHOTIC 'A' vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC 'B' for **Mental state: Obsessive–Compulsive Drug Use Scale (OCDUS) (short‐term, higher=bad) ‐ short term Scale from: 0 to 44. · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA. Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 41 participants | Moderate |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: ANTIPSYCHOTIC 'A' vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC 'B' for Global state: relapse ‐ medium term ‐ not measured · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA. Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: ANTIPSYCHOTIC 'A' vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC 'B' for General functioning: no clinically important change in general functioning ‐ medium term ‐ not measured · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA. Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: ANTIPSYCHOTIC 'A' vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC 'B' for Adverse effects: measured adverse events ‐ Simpson scale ‐ medium term Scale from: 0 to 40. · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA. Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 2 participants | Moderate |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: ADJUNCT PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY vs TREATMENT Mental state 4 PANSS score Positive symptoms ‐ medium term PANSS Scale from: 7 to 49. · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Moderate |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: ANTIPSYCHOTIC 'A' vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC 'B' for Leaving the study early: any reason ‐ medium term · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA. Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.19, 1.29] | 1 study · 28 participants | Moderate |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: ANTIPSYCHOTIC 'A' vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC 'B' for Satisfaction with treatment ‐ medium term ‐ not measured · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA. Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABINOID AS TREATMENT: CANNABIDIOL vs AMISULPRIDE Behaviour: Cannabis use: 1. frequency of use (group‐based therapy) (high = bad) ‐ medium term ‐ not measured · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABINOID AS TREATMENT: CANNABIDIOL vs AMISULPRIDE Mental state: PANSS total (high = bad) ‐ medium term ‐ not measured · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABINOID AS TREATMENT: CANNABIDIOL vs AMISULPRIDE Global state: relapse ‐ medium term ‐ not measured · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABINOID AS TREATMENT: CANNABIDIOL vs AMISULPRIDE General functioning: no clinically important change in general functioning ‐ medium term ‐ not measured · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABINOID AS TREATMENT: CANNABIDIOL vs AMISULPRIDE Adverse effects: measured adverse events ‐ medium term ‐ not measured · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABINOID AS TREATMENT: CANNABIDIOL vs AMISULPRIDE Leaving the study early: any reason ‐ medium term ‐ not measured · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABINOID AS TREATMENT: CANNABIDIOL vs AMISULPRIDE Satisfaction with treatment ‐ medium term ‐ not measured · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: ADJUNCT PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY vs TREATMENT Global state: relapse ‐ medium term ‐ not reported · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: ADJUNCT PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY vs TREATMENT General Functioning 1: Subjective quality of life (WHO QOL, BREF) ‐ medium term WHO QOL questionnaire. Scale from: 0 to 20. · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 49 participants | Moderate |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: ADJUNCT PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY vs TREATMENT Adverse effects: no clinically important adverse effects ‐ medium term ‐ not measured · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: ADJUNCT PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY vs TREATMENT Leaving the study early ‐ medium term ‐ not reported · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: ADJUNCT PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY vs TREATMENT Satisfaction with treatment ‐ medium term ‐ not measured · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY (SPECIFICALLY ABOUT CANNABIS AND PSYCHOSIS) vs NON‐SPECIFIC PSYCOEDUCTION Behaviour: Cannabis use: Used cannabis in last 4 weeks ‐ medium term Cannabis use · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.62, 1.74] | 1 study · 47 participants | Moderate |
CANNABIS REDUCTION: PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY (SPECIFICALLY ABOUT CANNABIS AND PSYCHOSIS) vs NON‐SPECIFIC PSYCOEDUCTION Mental state: 1. Average score (BPRS‐E total endpoint, higher scores = poor) ‐ medium term BPRS‐E. Scale from: 0 to 168. · patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE Cannabis and schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Moderate |
ACUPUNCTURE added to STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Global state: Not improved, endpoint ‐ medium‐term (various similar criteria) · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.28, 0.57] | 3 studies · 244 participants | Very low |
ACUPUNCTURE added to LOW DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Behaviour: Leaving the study early (short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.29, 2.29] | 8 studies · 662 participants | Very low |
ACUPUNCTURE added to LOW DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Service outcomes: Hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE added to LOW DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Adverse effects: Extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ specific ‐ akathisia (short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.03 [0, 0.49] | 1 study · 180 participants | Low |
ACUPUNCTURE added to LOW DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Quality of life: No clinically important change in quality of life · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE added to LOW DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Economic outcomes: Cost of care · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Global state: Not improved (talk, behaviour and expression still existed as before; the reduction of BPRS < 29%), endpoint (short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.19, 0.59] | 2 studies · 240 participants | Very low |
ACUPUNCTURE vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Mental state: BPRS, endpoint (high score = worse, short‐term) ‐ traditional acupuncture · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
ACUPUNCTURE vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Behaviour: Leaving the study early (short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 421 participants | Low |
ACUPUNCTURE vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Service outcomes: Hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Adverse effects: Extrapyramidal symptoms (short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.05 [0, 0.83] | 1 study · 21 participants | Low |
ACUPUNCTURE added to STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Mental state: PANSS (not improved, reduced rated < 25%, short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.45, 0.94] | 3 studies · 197 participants | Very low |
ACUPUNCTURE vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Quality of life: No clinically important change in quality of life · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Economic outcomes: Cost of care · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE added to TCM DRUG vs TCM DRUG Global state: Not improved (talk, behaviour and expression still existed as before, the reduction of BPRS < 29%), endpoint (short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.11 [0.02, 0.59] | 2 studies · 360 participants | Low |