Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery Perinatal death or severe morbidity · women in labour with signs of fetal distress and a fetal scalp pH < 7.25, for whom the decision had been made for… Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery Fetal or neonatal mortality · women in labour with signs of fetal distress and a fetal scalp pH < 7.25, for whom the decision had been made for… Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery Caesarean delivery · women in labour with signs of fetal distress and a fetal scalp pH < 7.25, for whom the decision had been made for… Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for selective ß2‐adrenergic agonist vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 · women with fetal distress for whom the decision had been made to delivery by emergency caesarean section Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.02, 1.57] | 2 studies · 55 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 · women in labour with signs of fetal distress and a fetal scalp pH < 7.25, for whom the decision had been made for… Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.17 [0.01, 3.08] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery Umbilical artery pH · women in labour with signs of fetal distress and a fetal scalp pH < 7.25, for whom the decision had been made for… Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery Abnormal FHR tracing · women in labour with signs of fetal distress and a fetal scalp pH < 7.25, for whom the decision had been made for… Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.33, 0.98] | 1 study · 20 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery No improvement in FHR · women in labour with signs of fetal distress and a fetal scalp pH < 7.25, for whom the decision had been made for… Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.03, 0.59] | 1 study · 20 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings for IV terbutaline vs IV nitroglycerin Perinatal death or severe morbidity · women with non‐reassuring FHR tracing during labour or induction of labour Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for IV terbutaline vs IV nitroglycerin Fetal or neonatal mortality · women with non‐reassuring FHR tracing during labour or induction of labour Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for IV terbutaline vs IV nitroglycerin Caesarean delivery · women with non‐reassuring FHR tracing during labour or induction of labour Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.68, 1.36] | 1 study · 110 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for IV terbutaline vs IV nitroglycerin 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 · women with non‐reassuring FHR tracing during labour or induction of labour Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 110 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for IV terbutaline vs IV nitroglycerin Umbilical artery pH < 7.0 · women with non‐reassuring FHR tracing during labour or induction of labour Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 4.87 [0.24, 98.18] | 1 study · 75 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for IV terbutaline vs IV nitroglycerin Successful intrauterine fetal resuscitation · women with non‐reassuring FHR tracing during labour or induction of labour Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.87, 1.45] | 1 study · 110 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for selective ß2‐adrenergic agonist vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery Low umbilical artery pH (less than 7.0 or as defined by trial authors) · women with fetal distress for whom the decision had been made to delivery by emergency caesarean section Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for selective ß2‐adrenergic agonist vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery Abnormal FHR as defined by trial authors (FHR tracing not improved) · women with fetal distress for whom the decision had been made to delivery by emergency caesarean section Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.08, 0.95] | 2 studies · 43 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings for IV atosiban vs IV hexoprenaline Perinatal death or severe morbidity · women with severe intrapartum fetal bradycardia Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.5] | 1 study · 26 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for IV atosiban vs IV hexoprenaline Fetal or neonatal mortality · women with severe intrapartum fetal bradycardia Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 26 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for IV atosiban vs IV hexoprenaline Caesarean delivery · women with severe intrapartum fetal bradycardia Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.5] | 1 study · 26 participants | Low |
Metformin vs placebo Large‐for‐gestational‐age infant, defined as birthweight ≥ 90th percentile for gestational age and infant sex · women with obesity during pregnancy Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.7, 1.3] | 2 studies · 831 participants | High |
Metformin vs placebo Gestational weight gain (kg) · women with obesity during pregnancy Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 899 participants | Low |
Metformin vs placebo Gestational hypertension · women with obesity during pregnancy Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.54, 1.94] | 3 studies · 1040 participants | Low |
Metformin vs placebo Pre‐eclampsia · women with obesity during pregnancy Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.09, 6.28] | 2 studies · 840 participants | Low |
Metformin vs placebo Gestational diabetes (as defined by the trial authors) · women with obesity during pregnancy Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.61, 1.19] | 3 studies · 892 participants | Moderate |
Metformin vs placebo Adverse effects associated with the treatment: diarrhoea · women with obesity during pregnancy Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.34 [1.74, 3.14] | 2 studies · 797 participants | High |
Metformin vs placebo Birthweight (g) · women with obesity during pregnancy Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 834 participants | High |
Direct estimation using calibrated drapes vs indirect estimation using visual estimation Postpartum anaemia · women undergoing vaginal birth Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Direct measurement using calibrated drapes vs indirect estimation using gravimetric technique Blood loss ≥ 500 mL · women undergoing vaginal birth Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.86 [1.11, 3.11] | 1 study · 900 participants | High |
Direct measurement using calibrated drapes vs indirect estimation using gravimetric technique Blood transfusion · women undergoing vaginal birth Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.06, 15.94] | 1 study · 900 participants | Low |
Direct measurement using calibrated drapes vs indirect estimation using gravimetric technique Use of plasma expanders · women undergoing vaginal birth Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.19, 2.35] | 1 study · 900 participants | Low |
Direct measurement using calibrated drapes vs indirect estimation using gravimetric technique Use of therapeutic uterotonics · women undergoing vaginal birth Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.9, 1.13] | 1 study · 900 participants | High |
Direct measurement using calibrated drapes vs indirect estimation using gravimetric technique Maternal infection · women undergoing vaginal birth Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Direct estimation using calibrated drapes vs indirect estimation using visual estimation Severe morbidity · women undergoing vaginal birth Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.48, 1.39] | 1 study · 2999 participants | Moderate |
Direct estimation using calibrated drapes vs indirect estimation using visual estimation Blood loss ≥ 500 mL · women undergoing vaginal birth Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Direct estimation using calibrated drapes vs indirect estimation using visual estimation Blood transfusion · women undergoing vaginal birth Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.46, 1.46] | 1 study · 5561 participants | Moderate |
Direct estimation using calibrated drapes vs indirect estimation using visual estimation Use of plasma expanders · women undergoing vaginal birth Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.42, 1.42] | 1 study · 3122 participants | Moderate |
Direct estimation using calibrated drapes vs indirect estimation using visual estimation Use of therapeutic uterotonics · women undergoing vaginal birth Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.42, 1.76] | 1 study · 593 participants | Moderate |
Direct estimation using calibrated drapes vs indirect estimation using visual estimation Maternal infection · women undergoing vaginal birth Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Direct measurement using calibrated drapes vs indirect estimation using gravimetric technique Postpartum anaemia · women undergoing vaginal birth Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Direct measurement using calibrated drapes vs indirect estimation using gravimetric technique Severe morbidity · women undergoing vaginal birth Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intramuscular ceftriaxone vs oral amoxicillin plus oral probenecid Cure of gonococcal infection (microbiological culture) · pregnant women with gonorrhoea infection Antibiotics for treating gonorrhoea in pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.98, 1.16] | 1 study · 168 participants | Very low |
Intramuscular ceftriaxone vs oral cefixime Adverse events including treatment‐related adverse events · pregnant women with gonorrhoea infection Antibiotics for treating gonorrhoea in pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 95 participants | Ungraded |
Intramuscular ceftriaxone vs oral amoxicillin plus oral probenecid Incidence of obstetric complications · pregnant women with gonorrhoea infection Antibiotics for treating gonorrhoea in pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 168 participants | Ungraded |
Intramuscular ceftriaxone vs oral amoxicillin plus oral probenecid Incidence of disseminated gonococcal infection · pregnant women with gonorrhoea infection Antibiotics for treating gonorrhoea in pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 168 participants | Ungraded |
Intramuscular ceftriaxone vs oral amoxicillin plus oral probenecid Neonatorum ophthalmia · pregnant women with gonorrhoea infection Antibiotics for treating gonorrhoea in pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 168 participants | Ungraded |
Intramuscular ceftriaxone vs oral amoxicillin plus oral probenecid Adverse events including treatment‐related adverse events · pregnant women with gonorrhoea infection Antibiotics for treating gonorrhoea in pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 8.07] | 1 study · 168 participants | Very low |
Intramuscular ceftriaxone vs oral cefixime Cure of gonococcal infection (microbiological culture) · pregnant women with gonorrhoea infection Antibiotics for treating gonorrhoea in pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.91, 1.08] | 1 study · 95 participants | Very low |
Intramuscular ceftriaxone vs oral cefixime Incidence of obstetric complications · pregnant women with gonorrhoea infection Antibiotics for treating gonorrhoea in pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 95 participants | Ungraded |
Intramuscular ceftriaxone vs oral cefixime Incidence of disseminated gonococcal infection · pregnant women with gonorrhoea infection Antibiotics for treating gonorrhoea in pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 95 participants | Ungraded |
Intramuscular ceftriaxone vs oral cefixime Neonatorum ophthalmia · pregnant women with gonorrhoea infection Antibiotics for treating gonorrhoea in pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 95 participants | Ungraded |