Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,908 questions · 3,101 findings · 509 reviews

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No studies found 571 · 18.4%GRADE not reported 358 · 11.5%Very low 723 · 23.3%Low 854 · 27.5%Moderate 489 · 15.8%High 106 · 3.4%

Diclofenac vs paracetamol

Pain intensity ‐ as reported by child, at 0 to 2 hours № of participants: 180 (2 RCTs) · children with acute postoperative pain

1 finding from 1 review

Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 2 participants
Very low

Diclofenac vs paracetamol

Pain intensity ‐ as reported by child, at 2 to 24 hours № of participants: 300 (3 RCTs) · children with acute postoperative pain

1 finding from 1 review

Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 3 participants
Very low

Diclofenac vs bupivacaine

Reduction in pain intensity · children with acute postoperative pain

2 findings from 1 review

Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 participants
GRADE not reported
Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 participants
GRADE not reported

Diclofenac vs placebo

Reduction in pain intensity · children with acute postoperative pain

2 findings from 1 review

Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 participants
GRADE not reported
Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Hypotension requiring medical therapy (vasopressors or fluid boluses), occurring during the procedure No. of participants: 124(1 RCT) · Procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes hypotension requiring medical therapy (vasopressors or fluid… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 5.53 [0.27, 112.3]
Studies not reported
Very low

NMDA receptor antagonists vs no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non‐pharmacological intervention

Hypotension requiring medical therapy (vasopressors or fluid boluses), occurring during the procedure · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

CBT vs alternative treatment

Reduction in pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) showed no clear difference in pain intensity at treatment completion compared with alternative (active) treatment (e.g. oral splint, medication,… (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
Treatment completion
SMD 0.03 [-0.21, 0.28]
5 studies · 509 participants
Low
Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
Follow-up (6-12 months)
SMD -0.29 [-0.50, -0.08]
5 studies · 475 participants
Low

Relaxation vs Occlusal (oral) appliance

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer

Relaxation showed no clear difference in pain intensity compared with occlusal (oral) appliance; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
Treatment completion · Adolescents (12-19 years)
Not pooled. Wahlund 2015: MD 3.70 (95% CI -1.21 to 8.61), n=57 (relaxation 28, appliance 29); Wahlund 2003: MD not reported, n=83 (relaxation 41, appliance 42). Both studies were in adolescents; the occlusal appliance…
2 studies · 140 participants
GRADE not reported

Hope-based intervention vs Pain education

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer

Hope-based intervention showed no clear difference in pain intensity compared with pain education; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
Treatment completion
MD 0.10 [-13.52, 13.72]
1 study · 29 participants
GRADE not reported

Mindfulness plus medication vs Medication alone

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
Shevtsova 2020: data could not be combined; both groups achieved at least a 30% reduction in pain from baseline at treatment completion and follow-up (Table 1). No between-group MD reported.
1 study
GRADE not reported

CBT vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Reduction in pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) may leads to lower pain intensity at follow-up (12 months) compared with usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
Follow-up (12 months)
SMD -0.30 [-0.51, -0.09]
6 studies · 639 participants
Low
Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
Treatment completion
SMD -0.09 [-0.30, 0.12]
6 studies · 577 participants
Low

Hypnosis vs relaxation

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer

Hypnosis showed no clear difference in pain intensity compared with relaxation; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
Treatment completion
Not pooled (clinical heterogeneity). Abrahamsen 2011: MD -1.00 (95% CI -2.27 to 0.27), n=38 (hypnosis 19, relaxation 19); Stam 1984: MD not reported, n=27 (hypnosis 12, relaxation 15).
2 studies · 65 participants
GRADE not reported

Habit reversal vs waiting list control

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer

Habit reversal treatment led to lower pain intensity compared with waiting-list control; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
Treatment completion
MD -1.31 [-1.97, -0.65]
1 study · 20 participants
GRADE not reported

Education vs usual care

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
Lupton 1968: multi-arm study; education arm versus usual care. No usable pain-reduction data reported and could not be combined in meta-analysis (Table 1).
1 study
GRADE not reported

CBT plus hypnosis (combined package) vs usual care

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer

CBT plus hypnosis (combined package) led to lower pain intensity compared with usual care; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
Treatment completion
MD -2.32 [-3.52, -1.12]
1 study · 59 participants
GRADE not reported

Counselling (non-directive) vs usual care

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
Lupton 1968: multi-arm study; counselling arm versus usual care. No usable pain-reduction data reported and could not be combined in meta-analysis (Table 1).
1 study
GRADE not reported

Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone

Adverse events: hypertension · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids showed no clear difference in adverse effects: hypertension compared with oral steroids alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.23, 3.2]
3 studies · 219 participants
Low

Cyclosporin vs different comparators

Adverse events: hypertension · adults with FSGS

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 187 participants
Very low

CR oxycodone vs IR oxycodone

Pain intensity (mean across treatment or at end of treatment; length of treatment varied across trials; various pain intensity scales; SMD) · adults with cancer‐related pain

It is very uncertain whether CR oxycodone changes pain intensity (mean across treatment or at end of treatment; length… compared with IR oxycodone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
SMD 0.12
3 studies · 319 participants
Very low

CR oxycodone vs CR morphine

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with cancer‐related pain

CR oxycodone may leads to higher pain intensity (various pain intensity scales; SMD) compared with CR morphine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
SMD 0.14 [0.01, 0.27]
7 studies · 882 participants
Low