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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
CHLORPROMAZINE vs PLACEBO Behaviour: deteriorated/ disturbed/un‐cooperative · patients with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.24, 1] | 8 studies · 1040 participants | Very low |
CHLORPROMAZINE vs PLACEBO Cost of care ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
SHORT vs LONG HOSPITAL STAY Death ‐ 2 years · patients with people with severe mental illness Length of hospitalisation for people with severe mental illness (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.1, 1.83] | 1 study · 175 participants | Very low |
SHORT vs LONG HOSPITAL STAY No clinically important changes in specific symptoms ‐ positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (long term) Mental state: Not improved ‐ by 2 years ‐ as measured by PEF scale PEF scale · patients with people with severe mental illness Length of hospitalisation for people with severe mental illness (2014) · Cochrane | RR 3.39 [0.76, 15.02] | 1 study · 61 participants | Very low |
SHORT vs LONG HOSPITAL STAY Service outcomes: 1a. Readmission to hospital (homogeneous studies) long term Number of participants readmitted to hospital · patients with people with severe mental illness Length of hospitalisation for people with severe mental illness (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [1, 1.57] | 4 studies · 651 participants | Low |
SHORT vs LONG HOSPITAL STAY Service outcomes: 3. Leaving hospital prematurely ‐ by 2 years Participants leaving the study prematurely · patients with people with severe mental illness Length of hospitalisation for people with severe mental illness (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.34, 1.77] | 2 studies · 229 participants | Low |
SHORT vs LONG HOSPITAL STAY Service outcomes: 4. Discharge delayed beyond the time planned in study ‐ 2‐year data Number of participants kept beyond projected time of discharge · patients with people with severe mental illness Length of hospitalisation for people with severe mental illness (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.33, 0.88] | 3 studies · 404 participants | Low |
SHORT vs LONG HOSPITAL STAY Leaving the study early (long term) Participants leaving the study prematurely · patients with people with severe mental illness Length of hospitalisation for people with severe mental illness (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.7, 1.62] | 3 studies · 404 participants | Low |
SHORT vs LONG HOSPITAL STAY General functioning: Unemployed, unable to housekeep or unknown employment status ‐ by 2 years Number of participants with poor occupational functioning in 2 years · patients with people with severe mental illness Length of hospitalisation for people with severe mental illness (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.5, 0.76] | 2 studies · 330 participants | Very low |
Adjunctive carbamazepine + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics Acceptability of treatment Leaving the study early due to any reason · People with schizophrenia Carbamazepine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.16, 1.35] | 8 studies · 182 participants | Very low |
Adjunctive carbamazepine + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics No clinically important change in general mental state Scale used: less than 50% BPRS reduction · People with schizophrenia Carbamazepine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.67, 1.12] | 6 studies · 147 participants | Low |
Adjunctive carbamazepine + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics Average endpoint general mental state score Scale used: Average BPRS endpoint score. Scale from: 0 to 108. · People with schizophrenia Carbamazepine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 79 participants | Low |
Adjunctive carbamazepine + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics Average endpoint positive symptom score Scale used: Mean PANSS positive subscore at endpoint. Scale from: 7 to 49. · People with schizophrenia Carbamazepine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Moderate |
Adjunctive carbamazepine + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics Average endpoint depressive symptom score Scale used: Hamilton scale at endpoint. Scale from: 0 to 54. · People with schizophrenia Carbamazepine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 26 participants | Low |
Adjunctive carbamazepine + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics Aggression · People with schizophrenia Carbamazepine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs ORAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS Clinical response: mental state ‐ relapse ‐ medium term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTICS Clinical response: global state ‐ no clinical improvement ‐ short term Rates of improvement · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.36, 1.23] | 1 study · 36 participants | Low |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTICS Service utilisation: hospital admission ‐ medium/long term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTICS Leaving the study early ‐ short/medium term Rate of attrition · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.76, 1.99] | 4 studies · 161 participants | Low |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTICS Adverse effects: general ‐ movement disorders ‐ requiring anticholinergic medication ‐ short/medium term Numbers requiring anticholinergic medication · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [0.75, 2.52] | 3 studies · 102 participants | Low |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTICS Economic outcomes ‐ long term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE HIGH DOSE vs FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE STANDARD DOSE (˜40 mg/IM) Clinical response: mental state ‐ relapse ‐ medium term Relapse rate · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.27, 3.69] | 1 study · 18 participants | Low |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE HIGH DOSE vs FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE STANDARD DOSE (˜40 mg/IM) Clinical response: mental state ‐ general score ‐ medium term Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Scale from: 0 to 126. · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Low |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE HIGH DOSE vs FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE STANDARD DOSE (˜40 mg/IM) Clinical response: global state ‐ no clinical improvement ‐ short/medium term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE HIGH DOSE vs FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE STANDARD DOSE (˜40 mg/IM) Service utilisation: hospital admission ‐ medium/long term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE HIGH DOSE vs FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE STANDARD DOSE (˜40 mg/IM) Leaving the study early ‐ short/medium term Rate of attrition · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.16 [0.03, 0.82] | 2 studies · 42 participants | Low |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs ORAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS Clinical response: mental state ‐ general score ‐ medium term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE HIGH DOSE vs FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE STANDARD DOSE (˜40 mg/IM) Adverse effects: general ‐ movement disorders ‐ requiring anticholinergic medication ‐ short term numbers requiring anticholinergic medication · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 47 participants | Very low |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE HIGH DOSE vs FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE STANDARD DOSE (˜40 mg/IM) Economic outcomes ‐ long term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE VERY LOW (˜6 mg/IM) DOSE vs FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE LOW DOSE (˜9 mg/IM) Clinical response: mental state ‐ relapse ‐ medium term Relapse rate · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.1, 1.15] | 1 study · 59 participants | Low |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE VERY LOW (˜6 mg/IM) DOSE vs FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE LOW DOSE (˜9 mg/IM) Clinical response: mental state ‐ general score (BPRS) ‐ skew ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE VERY LOW (˜6 mg/IM) DOSE vs FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE LOW DOSE (˜9 mg/IM) Clinical response: global state ‐ no clinical improvement ‐ short/medium term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE VERY LOW (˜6 mg/IM) DOSE vs FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE LOW DOSE (˜9 mg/IM) Service utilisation: hospital admission ‐ medium/long term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE VERY LOW (˜6 mg/IM) DOSE vs FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE LOW DOSE (˜9 mg/IM) Leaving the study early ‐ medium/long term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE VERY LOW (˜6 mg/IM) DOSE vs FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE LOW DOSE (˜9 mg/IM) Adverse effects: general ‐ movement disorders ‐ requiring anticholinergic medication ‐ short/medium term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE VERY LOW (˜6 mg/IM) DOSE vs FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE LOW DOSE (˜9 mg/IM) Economic outcomes ‐ long term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs ORAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS Clinical response: global state ‐ no clinical improvement ‐ medium term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs ORAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS Service utilisation: hospital admission ‐ medium/long term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs ORAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS Leaving the study early ‐ short term Rate of attrition · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.33, 27.23] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs ORAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS Adverse effects: general ‐ movement disorders ‐ requiring anticholinergic medication ‐ short term Numbers requiring anticholinergic medication · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.77, 1.83] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs ORAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS Economic outcomes ‐ long term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTICS Clinical response: mental state ‐ relapse ‐ medium term Relapse rate · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.87, 1.93] | 5 studies · 221 participants | Low |
FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTICS Clinical response: mental state ‐ general score ‐ skew Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) · patients with schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 1 participants | Very low |
Perazine vs placebo Acceptability of treatment Leaving the study early due to any reason · patients with schizophrenia Perazine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.35, 1.1] | 1 study · 95 participants | Very low |
Perazine vs other antipsychotics Movement disorders number of participants receiving antiparkinson medication · patients with schizophrenia Perazine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.53, 2.76] | 2 studies · 81 participants | Very low |
Perazine vs other antipsychotics Overall tolerability Leaving the study early due to adverse events · patients with schizophrenia Perazine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.4, 1.9] | 5 studies · 193 participants | Low |
Perazine vs other antipsychotics Acceptability of treatment Leaving the studies early due to any reason · patients with schizophrenia Perazine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.68, 1.38] | 6 studies · 384 participants | Low |
Perazine vs other antipsychotics Satisfaction with care ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Perazine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Perazine vs other antipsychotics Quality of life ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Perazine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Perazine vs placebo Global state change over time (no better or deterioration) · patients with schizophrenia Perazine for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.23, 0.81] | 1 study · 95 participants | Low |