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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,138 questions · 1,154 findings · 139 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 184 · 15.9%GRADE not reported 183 · 15.9%Very low 273 · 23.7%Low 296 · 25.6%Moderate 171 · 14.8%High 47 · 4.1%

Brief intervention vs treatment

Number of drinks per week · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users
2 findings from 1 review

Tricyclic antidepressants vs behavioural interventions

Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ amitriptyline vs placebo · children with nocturnal enuresis

It is very uncertain whether tricyclics changes number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of… compared with behavioural interventions (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Tricyclic antidepressants vs behavioural interventions

Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine vs 3 step therapy (reassurance, retention control training + wakening, parental involvement) · children with nocturnal enuresis

Tricyclics may leads to higher number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of… compared with behavioural interventions (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tricyclic antidepressants vs behavioural interventions

Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine vs 3 step therapy + motivation/counselling + education · children with nocturnal enuresis

Tricyclics may leads to higher number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of… compared with behavioural interventions (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Number of wet nights per week at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine + oxybutynin vs imipramine · children with nocturnal enuresis
1 finding from 1 review

Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo

Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ amitriptyline vs placebo · children with nocturnal enuresis

It is very uncertain whether tricyclics changes number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Number of wet nights per week at the end of treatment ‐ Amitriptyline + desmopressin vs amitriptyline · children with nocturnal enuresis
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine + oxybutynin vs placebo · children with nocturnal enuresis

The intervention probably leads to lower number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review