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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,852 questions in 128 reviews · Effective Practice and Organisation of Care
current versionsNo studies 557 · 30.1%Ungraded 53 · 2.9%Very low 446 · 24.1%Low 476 · 25.7%Moderate 255 · 13.8%High 65 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Patient outcomes: mean percentage of 0- to 15-year-olds having one or more teeth extracted · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Northern urban community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 | 1 study · 2250 participants | Low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Measures of clinical activity: mean percentage of 0- to 15-year-olds receiving active preventive advice · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Scottish community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 | 1 study · 2250 participants | Low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Measures of health service utilisation: mean number of visits per 0- to 15-year-old · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Northern urban community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | MD -0.4 | 1 study · 2250 participants | Low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Patient outcomes: mean number of filled teeth per 0- to 15-year-old · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Scottish community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | MD -0.28 | 1 study · 2250 participants | Low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Patient outcomes: mean percentage of 0- to 15-year-olds having one or more teeth extracted · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Scottish community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 | 1 study · 2250 participants | Low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Healthcare costs: mean expenditure in GBP per 0- to 15-year-old (currency year NR) · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 1 year, Commuter suburb community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | MD 6.18 | 1 study · 276414 participants | Low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Patient outcomes: mean number of filled teeth per 0- to 15-year-old · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Northern urban community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | MD -0.18 | 1 study · 2250 participants | Low |
Fee-for-service remuneration vs No specific intervention (control) Measures of clinical activity: mean percentage of 12- to 14-year-olds receiving fissure sealants for second permanent molars per dentist (weighted by number of children seen) - adjusted · Dentists seeing children with erupted second permanent molars (Scotland, in areas representing the four most deprived… · 18 months The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | RD 9.8 [1.8, 17.8] | 1 study · 133 participants | Very low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Patient outcomes: mean number of decayed teeth per 14- to 15-year-old (data for 0- to 15-year-olds NR) · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Northern urban community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | MD 0.16 | 1 study · 1919 participants | Low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Patient outcomes: mean number of filled teeth per 0- to 15-year-old · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Rural community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | MD -0.21 | 1 study · 2250 participants | Low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Healthcare costs: mean expenditure in GBP per 0- to 15-year-old (currency year NR) · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 1 year, Rural community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | MD 6.90 | 1 study · 276414 participants | Low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Measures of clinical activity: mean percentage of 0- to 15-year-olds receiving active preventive advice · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Commuter suburb community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.83 | 1 study · 2250 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Compliance with desired practice (dichotomous outcomes) · Healthcare professionals Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Compliance with desired practice (continuous outcomes) · Healthcare professionals Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Patient outcomes (dichotomous) · Healthcare professionals Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Patient outcomes (continuous) · Healthcare professionals Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR HAPU rate · nurses, and patients admitted with a Braden score less than or equal to 18 (i.e. at risk of developing HAPUs) Effectiveness of organisational infrastructures to promote evidence‐based nursing practice (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Incident reporting rate · healthcare professionals Interventions to increase clinical incident reporting in health care (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 4 participants | Very low |
Interventions designed to improve any type of continuity vs usual care Functional status Multiple scales. Scale from: 0 to 100. · cancer patients Interventions to improve continuity of care in the follow‐up of patients with cancer (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 3966 participants | Very low |
Interventions designed to improve any type of continuity vs usual care Physical status Multiple scales. Scale from: 0 to 100. · cancer patients Interventions to improve continuity of care in the follow‐up of patients with cancer (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 25 studies · 5070 participants | Very low |
Interventions designed to improve any type of continuity vs usual care Psychological status Multiple scales. Scale from: 0 to 100. · cancer patients Interventions to improve continuity of care in the follow‐up of patients with cancer (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 20 studies · 4634 participants | Very low |
Interventions designed to improve any type of continuity vs usual care Social needs Multiple scales. Scale from: 0 to 100. · cancer patients Interventions to improve continuity of care in the follow‐up of patients with cancer (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1278 participants | Very low |
Interventions designed to improve any type of continuity vs usual care Satisfaction Multiple scales. Scale from: 0 to 100. · cancer patients Interventions to improve continuity of care in the follow‐up of patients with cancer (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 378 participants | Very low |
Interventions designed to improve any type of continuity vs usual care Global quality of life Multiple scales. Scale from: 0 to 100. · cancer patients Interventions to improve continuity of care in the follow‐up of patients with cancer (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 2622 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Utilisation of research (Thailand) (for six obstetric practices: social support during labour, magnesium sulphate for eclampsia, corticosteroids to women with preterm birth, selective episiotomy, antibiotic use at caesarean section and vacuum extr... · Healthcare decision makers, health system managers or policy makers Interventions to improve the use of systematic reviews in decision‐making by health system managers, policy… (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Utilisation of research (Mexico) (for six obstetric practices: social support during labour, magnesium sulphate for eclampsia, corticosteroids to women with preterm birth, selective episiotomy, antibiotic use at caesarean section and vacuum extrac... · Healthcare decision makers, health system managers or policy makers Interventions to improve the use of systematic reviews in decision‐making by health system managers, policy… (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Utilisation of research (4 obstetric practices: use of polyglycolic acid sutures, ventouse for instrumental delivery, prophylactic antibiotics in caesarean section, and prophylactic corticosteroids in preterm deliveries).2 · Healthcare decision makers, health system managers or policy makers Interventions to improve the use of systematic reviews in decision‐making by health system managers, policy… (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Process of care · health professionals Teaching critical appraisal skills in healthcare settings (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Patient‐related outcomes · health professionals Teaching critical appraisal skills in healthcare settings (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Knowledge · health professionals Teaching critical appraisal skills in healthcare settings (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 146 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Critical appraisal skills Heterogeneous measurement scales · health professionals Teaching critical appraisal skills in healthcare settings (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 160 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Change in number of mothersaccepting family planningservices · Facilities providing primary health services Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Perinatal mortality (deaths per 1000 live and stillbirths) Â · Children under 3 years of age in rural villages Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Neonatal mortality (deaths per 1000 live births) Â · Children under 3 years of age in rural villages Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Infant mortality2 (deaths per 1000 live births) Â · Children under 3 years of age in rural villages Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Utilisation of STI services [Number of visits to STI services per women assessed over a one year period] Â · Women living around truck stops Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Women referred to and attended STI services · Women living around truck stops Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 | 7 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Women satisfied with STI services [Number of women interviewed who were satisfied] Â · Women living around truck stops Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 | 7 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Nyamuryekung'e 1997 · Women living around truck stops Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Change in % of women using family planning  · Couples, women and children in villages and districts Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Change in knowledge of family planning  · Couples, women and children in villages and districts Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Change in Infant Mortality Rate per 1000 live births1 · Couples, women and children in villages and districts Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Couples initiating non barrier contraception · Facilities providing primary health services Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | RR 2.39 | 251 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Perinatal mortality1 (deaths per 1000 live and stillbirths) Â · Couples, women and children in villages and districts Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Neonatal mortality1 (deaths per 1000 live births) Â · Couples, women and children in villages and districts Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Infant mortality1 (deaths per 1000 live births) Â · Couples, women and children in villages and districts Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR STI treatment effectiveness Reported as symptoms stopped since STI treatment in past year  · Communities and health centres Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | 2.49 | 11980 participants | High |
Intervention NR Health seeking behaviour Sought treatment within 3 days of STI symptoms in last year  · Communities and health centres Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | 1.13 | 11980 participants | High |
Intervention NR STI incidence Urethral or vaginal discharge in last year  · Communities and health centres Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | 1.41 | 11980 participants | High |
Intervention NR HIV Incidence/1000 person years at risk  · Communities and health centres Strategies for integrating primary health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries at the point of… (2011) · Cochrane | IRR 1.36 | 11980 participants | High |