What do systematic reviews say?

Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence changes self‐reported adherence (proportion) compared with standard care (very low certainty).

• Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence in solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.21 [0.99, 1.49]
  9 studies · 755 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence in solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 471 participants
  Very low

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) plus best supportive care vs best supportive care

• Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for central sleep apnoea in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) plus best supportive care vs best supportive care

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) plus best supportive care showed no clear difference in cardiovascular mortality ‐ after 24 months Number of participants:… compared with best supportive care (low certainty).

• Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for central sleep apnoea in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.17 [0.68, 2.02]
  Studies not reported
  Low

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) plus best supportive care vs best supportive care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for central sleep apnoea in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) plus best supportive care vs best supportive care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for central sleep apnoea in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) plus best supportive care vs best supportive care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for central sleep apnoea in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) plus best supportive care vs best supportive care

• Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for central sleep apnoea in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) plus best supportive care vs best supportive care

It is very uncertain whether continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) plus best supportive care changes all‐cause mortality ‐ after 24 months Number of participants: 287(2… compared with best supportive care (very low certainty).

• Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for central sleep apnoea in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.14 [0.83, 1.56]
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) plus best supportive care vs best supportive care

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) plus best supportive care may leads to lower time to life‐saving cardiovascular intervention ( compared with best supportive care (low certainty).

• Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for central sleep apnoea in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid showed no clear difference in A1: Fetal or neonatal or infant death (< 1 year of age) – all… compared with single course (moderate certainty).

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.73, 1.24]
  10 studies · 5849 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid leads to lower A5: Respiratory distress syndrome – all fetuses randomised compared with single course (high certainty).

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.74, 0.9]
  9 studies · 3540 participants
  High

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid probably leads to lower A7: Severe lung disease – all fetuses randomised compared with single course (moderate certainty).

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.72, 0.97]
  6 studies · 4955 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid showed no clear difference in A8: Chronic lung disease – all fetuses randomised compared with single course (high certainty).

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.83, 1.22]
  9 studies · 5661 participants
  High

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid showed no clear difference in A9: Severe intraventricular haemorrhage (grade 3 or 4) – all fetuses… compared with single course (moderate certainty).

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.13 [0.69, 1.86]
  7 studies · 5066 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid showed no clear difference in A11: Necrotising enterocolitis – all fetuses randomised compared with single course (moderate certainty).

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.84 [0.59, 1.22]
  9 studies · 5736 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid probably leads to lower A12: Composite of serious outcomes– all fetuses randomised compared with single course (moderate certainty).

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.88 [0.8, 0.97]
  9 studies · 5736 participants
  Moderate

Simple childhood caries prediction models with at least two predictors vs No competing model

The Luo (2021) model had an AUC of 0.77 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.77).

• Risk prediction models for dental caries in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes

  Validation assessment; prediction horizon not reported · Home for rapid detection and preventive oral healthcare in asymptomatic children
  AUC 0.766 [0.761, 0.771]
  1 study
  GRADE not reported
• Risk prediction models for dental caries in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes

  Validation assessment; prediction horizon not reported · Home for rapid detection and preventive oral healthcare in asymptomatic children
  AUC 0.71 [0.69, 0.72]
  1 study
  GRADE not reported
• Risk prediction models for dental caries in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes

  Validation assessment; prediction horizon not reported · Home for rapid detection and preventive oral healthcare in asymptomatic children · Yaxuan (2023)
  AUC 0.931 [0.876, 0.967]
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids showed no clear difference in B3: Caesarean section – an all women compared with single course (moderate certainty).

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.03 [0.98, 1.09]
  8 studies · 4266 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 485 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 1477 participants
  Low