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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Neonatal readmission within 28 days · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Attendance at birth by known midwife · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 9.13 [5.87, 14.21] | 11 studies · 9273 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Healthy baby · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity of care models vs other models of care Caesarean birth · childbearing women and their infants (all) (critical outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.84, 0.99] | 16 studies · 18037 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Birth weight less than 2500 g · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.79, 1.08] | 8 studies · 12420 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Birth weight equal to or more than 4000 g · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Apgar score less than or equal to 7 at 5 minutes · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.72, 1.24] | 13 studies · 12806 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Admission to special care nursery/neonatal intensive care unit · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.77, 1.03] | 13 studies · 16260 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Fetal loss before 24 weeks gestation · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.67, 1.01] | 12 studies · 15913 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Maternal experience · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 16 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Cost · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 7 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity of care models vs other models of care Regional analgesia (epidural/spinal) · childbearing women and their infants (all) (critical outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.79, 0.92] | 15 studies · 17754 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity of care models vs other models of care Intact perineum · childbearing women and their infants (all) (critical outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.98, 1.12] | 12 studies · 14268 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity of care models vs other models of care Fetal loss at or after 24 weeks gestation · childbearing women and their infants (all) (critical outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.73, 2.13] | 12 studies · 16122 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity of care models vs other models of care Preterm birth (< 37 weeks) · childbearing women and their infants (all) (critical outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.78, 1.16] | 10 studies · 13850 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity of care models vs other models of care Neonatal death (baby born alive at any gestation and dies within 28 days) · childbearing women and their infants (all) (critical outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.43, 1.71] | 10 studies · 14718 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Healthy mother · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Maternal death · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 4282 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early developmental intervention programmes vs standard follow‐up Cognitive outcome in infancy ‐ DQ (Bayley, Griffiths, Brunet‐Leizine) · preterm infants Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 25 studies · 3132 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early developmental intervention programmes vs standard follow‐up Cognitive outcome at preschool age ‐ IQ (Bayley, Stanford‐Binet, McCarthy, WPPSI‐III) · preterm infants Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1524 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early developmental intervention programmes vs standard follow‐up Cognitive outcome at school age ‐ IQ (WISC, Kaufmann, DAS, WASI‐II) · preterm infants Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1453 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early developmental intervention programmes vs standard follow‐up Motor outcome in infancy (Bayley, Griffiths Locomotor) · preterm infants Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 23 studies · 2737 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early developmental intervention programmes vs standard follow‐up Motor outcome at preschool age (Griffiths Locomotor, McCarthy, MABC) · preterm infants Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 264 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early developmental intervention programmes vs standard follow‐up Motor outcome at school age (Griffiths Locomotor, MABC) · preterm infants Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 265 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early developmental intervention programmes vs standard follow‐up Motor outcome at school age (low score on MABC) · preterm infants Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.82, 1.32] | 3 studies · 413 participants | Low |
Prophylactic corticosteroids vs placebo or no corticosteroids All‐cause mortality (during the index hospital admission, or within 30 days, at the longest · adults diagnosed with coronary artery disease or cardiac valve disease, and candidates for cardiac surgery with… Prophylactic corticosteroids for cardiopulmonary bypass in adult cardiac surgery (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.75, 1.07] | 25 studies · 14940 participants | Low |
Prophylactic corticosteroids vs placebo or no corticosteroids Cardiac complications (as defined by study authors, including cardiac compromise and fatal and non‐fatal myocardial infarction, defined as ECG changes, echocardiological changes, or disproportionate elevation of troponins, during the index hospita... · adults diagnosed with coronary artery disease or cardiac valve disease, and candidates for cardiac surgery with… Prophylactic corticosteroids for cardiopulmonary bypass in adult cardiac surgery (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [1.04, 1.31] | 25 studies · 14766 participants | Low |
Prophylactic corticosteroids vs placebo or no corticosteroids Pulmonary complications (as defined by study authors, including pneumonia, embolism, reduced pulmonary function, prolonged ventilation, and pleural effusion, during the index hospital admission) · adults diagnosed with coronary artery disease or cardiac valve disease, and candidates for cardiac surgery with… Prophylactic corticosteroids for cardiopulmonary bypass in adult cardiac surgery (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.78, 0.99] | 18 studies · 13549 participants | Low |
Prophylactic corticosteroids vs placebo or no corticosteroids Infectious complications (as defined by study authors, including mediastinitis, wound infections, pneumonia, and need for antibiotic therapy, during the index hospital admission) · adults diagnosed with coronary artery disease or cardiac valve disease, and candidates for cardiac surgery with… Prophylactic corticosteroids for cardiopulmonary bypass in adult cardiac surgery (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.76, 0.92] | 28 studies · 14771 participants | Low |
Prophylactic corticosteroids vs placebo or no corticosteroids Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (as defined by study authors, including any upper and lower GI bleeding, during the index hospital admission) · adults diagnosed with coronary artery disease or cardiac valve disease, and candidates for cardiac surgery with… Prophylactic corticosteroids for cardiopulmonary bypass in adult cardiac surgery (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.87, 1.67] | 6 studies · 12533 participants | Low |
Prophylactic corticosteroids vs placebo or no corticosteroids Renal failure (as defined by study authors, including dialysis, creatinine rise, and oliguria, during the index hospital admission) · adults diagnosed with coronary artery disease or cardiac valve disease, and candidates for cardiac surgery with… Prophylactic corticosteroids for cardiopulmonary bypass in adult cardiac surgery (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.69, 1.02] | 13 studies · 12799 participants | Low |
Prophylactic corticosteroids vs placebo or no corticosteroids Length of hospital stay (measured in days, during the index hospital admission) · adults diagnosed with coronary artery disease or cardiac valve disease, and candidates for cardiac surgery with… Prophylactic corticosteroids for cardiopulmonary bypass in adult cardiac surgery (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 25 studies · 1841 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Open vs laparoscopic Analgesia requirements · live donor nephrectomy (primary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 556 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Laparoscopic vs hand‐assisted Analgesia requirements · live donor nephrectomy (primary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 270 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Laparoscopic vs hand‐assisted Duration of procedure · live donor nephrectomy (primary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 270 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Laparoscopic vs hand‐assisted Blood loss · live donor nephrectomy (primary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 270 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Laparoscopic vs hand‐assisted Perioperative Complications · live donor nephrectomy (primary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.79, 2.22] | 3 studies · 270 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Laparoscopic vs hand‐assisted Reoperations · live donor nephrectomy (primary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.61 [0.2, 12.81] | 3 studies · 270 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Laparoscopic vs hand‐assisted Warm ischaemia time · live donor nephrectomy (primary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 270 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Laparoscopic vs hand‐assisted Hospital stay · live donor nephrectomy (primary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 270 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Open vs laparoscopic Early graft loss · live donor nephrectomy (secondary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.08, 1.74] | 4 studies · 356 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Open vs laparoscopic Delayed graft function · live donor nephrectomy (secondary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.51, 2.02] | 6 studies · 715 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Open vs laparoscopic Acute rejection · live donor nephrectomy (secondary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [0.86, 2.15] | 6 studies · 693 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Open vs laparoscopic Duration of procedure · live donor nephrectomy (primary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 815 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Open vs laparoscopic Ureteric complications · live donor nephrectomy (secondary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.58 [0.74, 3.36] | 6 studies · 775 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Open vs laparoscopic Kidney function at one year · live donor nephrectomy (secondary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 538 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Open vs laparoscopic One year graft loss · live donor nephrectomy (secondary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.25, 2.96] | 3 studies · 403 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Laparoscopic vs hand‐assisted Early graft loss ‐ not reported · live donor nephrectomy (secondary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Laparoscopic vs hand‐assisted Delayed graft function ‐ not reported · live donor nephrectomy (secondary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Laparoscopic vs hand‐assisted Acute rejection ‐ not reported · live donor nephrectomy (secondary outcomes) Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |