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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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Review versions

2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia

current versions

No studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs FAMILY THERAPY Global state: Relapse · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 87 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs FAMILY THERAPY Service outcomes: Hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.93 [0.89, 4.17]	1 study · 39 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs FAMILY THERAPY Mental state: Episode of affective symptoms · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.71 [0.82, 3.6]	1 study · 48 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs FAMILY THERAPY Leaving the study early · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.27 [0.56, 2.89]	2 studies · 87 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs FAMILY THERAPY General functioning: No paid work · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.96 [0.57, 1.63]	1 study · 39 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs FAMILY THERAPY Satisfaction with treatment ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs FAMILY THERAPY Quality of life ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs PSYCHOEDUCATION Global state: Relapse ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs STANDARD CARE Mental state: no clinically important improvement · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.95 [0.82, 1.11]	2 studies · 98 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs PSYCHOEDUCATION Service outcomes: Hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.48 [0.05, 4.93]	1 study · 47 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs PSYCHOEDUCATION Mental state. No clinically important improvement · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.61 [0.96, 2.68]	1 study · 19 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs PSYCHOEDUCATION Leaving the study early · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.57 [0.21, 1.54]	2 studies · 71 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs PSYCHOEDUCATION General functioning ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs PSYCHOEDUCATION Satisfaction with treatment ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs PSYCHOEDUCATION Quality of life QLS · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 19 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs STANDARD CARE Leaving the study early · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.86 [0.53, 1.4]	4 studies · 354 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs STANDARD CARE General functioning GAS · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 29 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs STANDARD CARE Satisfaction with treatment: Recipient of care not satisfied with treatment · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.83 [0.75, 4.47]	1 study · 44 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs STANDARD CARE Quality of life WBS · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 260 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT Global state: Relapse · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.19 [0.66, 2.16]	5 studies · 270 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT Service outcomes: Hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.82 [1.11, 2.99]	4 studies · 306 participants	Very low
TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS vs SHAM TMS Clinical improvement in global state CGI · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 7 [0.38, 128.33]	1 study · 46 participants	Very low
TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS vs STANDARD TREATMENT Mental state ‐ not reported · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS vs STANDARD TREATMENT Cognitive state ‐ not reported · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS vs STANDARD TREATMENT Adverse effects: general or specific ‐ not reported · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS vs STANDARD TREATMENT Adverse effects: Leaving the study early · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.33 [0.08, 1.46]	2 studies · 140 participants	Very low
TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS vs STANDARD TREATMENT Satisfaction with care ‐ not reported · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
PREFRONTAL TMS vs SHAM TMS Clinical improvement in global state ‐ not reported · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
PREFRONTAL TMS vs SHAM TMS Global state score Various scales · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 85 participants	Ungraded
PREFRONTAL TMS vs SHAM TMS Mental state PANSS · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 188 participants	Very low
PREFRONTAL TMS vs SHAM TMS Cognitive state Various measures · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 138 participants	Low
PREFRONTAL TMS vs SHAM TMS Adverse effects: general or specific · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	7 studies · 199 participants	Low
TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS vs SHAM TMS Global state score CGI · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	7 studies · 224 participants	Low
PREFRONTAL TMS vs SHAM TMS Adverse effects: Leaving the study early · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.19 [0.56, 2.5]	8 studies · 174 participants	Low
PREFRONTAL TMS vs SHAM TMS Satisfaction with care ‐ not reported · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
PREFRONTAL TBS TMS vs SHAM TMS Clinical improvement in global state · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 4.06 [0.21, 77.37]	1 study · 27 participants	Very low
PREFRONTAL TBS TMS vs SHAM TMS Global state score ‐ not reported · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
PREFRONTAL TBS TMS vs SHAM TMS Mental state PANSS · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 108 participants	Low
PREFRONTAL TBS TMS vs SHAM TMS Cognitive state Various measures · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 39 participants	Low
PREFRONTAL TBS TMS vs SHAM TMS Adverse effects: general or specific · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 27 participants	Low
PREFRONTAL TBS TMS vs SHAM TMS Adverse effects: Leaving the study early · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.36 [0.07, 1.74]	2 studies · 76 participants	Low
PREFRONTAL TBS TMS vs SHAM TMS Satisfaction with care ‐ not reported · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS vs SHAM TMS Mental state PANSS · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 127 participants	Low
TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS vs SHAM TMS Cognitive state Various measures · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 82 participants	Low
TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS vs SHAM TMS Adverse effects: general or specific · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	11 studies · 442 participants	Low
TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS vs SHAM TMS Adverse effects: Leaving the study early · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.78 [0.46, 1.32]	8 studies · 320 participants	Low
TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS vs SHAM TMS Satisfaction with care ‐ not reported · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS vs STANDARD TREATMENT Clinical improvement in global state CGI · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.19 [0.91, 1.57]	1 study · 100 participants	Low
TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS vs STANDARD TREATMENT Global state score ‐ not reported · people with schizophrenia Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
SOCIAL SKILLS vs STANDARD CARE Social functioning Various scales · patients with schizophrenia Social skills programmes for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 585 participants	Very low