Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Infant admission to neonatal care · pregnant women and their infants Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.83, 1.03] | 9 studies · 6920 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Maternal length of hospital stay (days) · pregnant women and their infants Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | MD 0.18 | 2 studies · 2290 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Infant length of hospital stay (days) · pregnant women and their infants Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | MD 0.11 | 1 study · 2041 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Costs · pregnant women and their infants Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Perinatal death · pregnant women and their babies Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.54, 1.03] | 10 studies · 7416 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR SGA/IUGR · pregnant women and their babies Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.9, 1.13] | 8 studies · 6907 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR LBW · pregnant women and their babies Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.82, 0.99] | 15 studies · 8449 participants | High |
Intervention NR LGA · pregnant women and their babies Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.97, 1.36] | 6 studies · 3722 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Serious adverse events for neonate/infant · pregnant women and their babies Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.53, 0.99] | 2 studies · 2690 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Prolonged gestation > 42 weeks · pregnant women Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.61 [1.11, 2.33] | 6 studies · 5141 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Induction post‐term · pregnant women Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.22, 2.98] | 3 studies · 2900 participants | Low |
Ergot alkaloids (any route of administration) vs no uterotonic agents Mean blood loss (mL) visual estimation · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 2718 participants | Moderate |
Intravenous/intramuscular ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents Estimated or measured blood loss of at least 1000 mL visual estimation · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.01, 0.72] | 1 study · 1429 participants | Low |
Intravenous/intramuscular ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents Maternal haemoglobin concentration at 24 to 48 hours postpartum (g/dL) · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1429 participants | Moderate |
Intravenous/intramuscular ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents Use of therapeutic uterotonics · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.1, 0.66] | 2 studies · 2409 participants | Low |
Intravenous/intramuscular ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents Elevation of blood pressure · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.6 [1.03, 6.57] | 3 studies · 2559 participants | Low |
Intravenous/intramuscular ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents Pain after birth requiring analgesia (not prespecified) · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.53 [1.34, 4.78] | 1 study · 1429 participants | Moderate |
Oral ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents Mean blood loss (mL) visual estimation · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 289 participants | Low |
Oral ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents Estimated or measured blood loss of at least 500 mL visual estimation · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.72, 1.29] | 1 study · 289 participants | Low |
Oral ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents Estimated or measured blood loss of at least 1000 mL visual estimation · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.36, 1.5] | 1 study · 289 participants | Low |
Oral ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents Maternal haemoglobin concentration at 24 to 48 hours postpartum (g/dL) · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents Use of therapeutic uterotonics · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.47, 1.34] | 1 study · 289 participants | Low |
Ergot alkaloids (any route of administration) vs no uterotonic agents PPH (estimated or measured blood loss of at least 500 mL) visual estimation · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.28, 0.94] | 5 studies · 3708 participants | Low |
Oral ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents Elevation of blood pressure · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents Pain after birth requiring analgesia (not prespecified) · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ergot alkaloids (any route of administration) vs no uterotonic agents Severe PPH (estimated or measured blood loss of at least 1000 mL) visual estimation · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.04, 2.59] | 2 studies · 1718 participants | Very low |
Ergot alkaloids (any route of administration) vs no uterotonic agents Maternal haemoglobin concentration at 24 to 48 hours postpartum (g/dL) · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1429 participants | Moderate |
Ergot alkaloids (any route of administration) vs no uterotonic agents Use of therapeutic uterotonics · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.37 [0.15, 0.9] | 3 studies · 2698 participants | Low |
Ergot alkaloids (any route of administration) vs no uterotonic agents Elevation of blood pressure · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.6 [1.03, 6.57] | 3 studies · 2559 participants | Low |
Ergot alkaloids (any route of administration) vs no uterotonic agents Pain after birth requiring analgesia (not prespecified) · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.53 [1.34, 4.78] | 1 study · 1429 participants | Moderate |
Intravenous/intramuscular ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents Mean blood loss (mL) visual estimation · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2429 participants | Moderate |
Intravenous/intramuscular ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents Estimated or measured blood loss of at least 500 mL visual estimation · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.22, 0.75] | 4 studies · 3419 participants | Low |
Partograph vs no partograph (studies carried out Caesarean section (overall) · women in spontaneous labour at term Effect of partograph use on outcomes for women in spontaneous labour at term and their babies (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.4, 1.46] | 3 studies · 1813 participants | Very low |
Partograph vs no partograph (studies carried out Oxytocin augmentation · women in spontaneous labour at term Effect of partograph use on outcomes for women in spontaneous labour at term and their babies (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.95, 1.1] | 1 study · 1156 participants | Moderate |
Partograph vs no partograph (studies carried out Duration of first stage of labour · women in spontaneous labour at term Effect of partograph use on outcomes for women in spontaneous labour at term and their babies (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1156 participants | Low |
Partograph vs no partograph (studies carried out Maternal experience of childbirth (as defined by trial authors) · women in spontaneous labour at term Effect of partograph use on outcomes for women in spontaneous labour at term and their babies (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Partograph vs no partograph (studies carried out Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in spontaneous labour at term Effect of partograph use on outcomes for women in spontaneous labour at term and their babies (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.29, 2.03] | 2 studies · 1596 participants | Very low |
Partograph vs no partograph (studies carried out Serious maternal morbidity or death (e.g. ruptured uterus, admission to intensive care unit, septicaemia, organ failure) · women in spontaneous labour at term Effect of partograph use on outcomes for women in spontaneous labour at term and their babies (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Partograph vs no partograph (studies carried out Stillbirth or neonatal death or neonatal morbidity, excluding fatal malformations (e.g. seizures, birth asphyxia, neonatal encephalopathy) · women in spontaneous labour at term Effect of partograph use on outcomes for women in spontaneous labour at term and their babies (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Progesterone vs placebo or no treatment Miscarriage · women with threatened miscarriage Progestogen for treating threatened miscarriage (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.47, 0.87] | 7 studies · 696 participants | Moderate |
Progesterone vs placebo or no treatment Preterm birth · women with threatened miscarriage Progestogen for treating threatened miscarriage (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.52, 1.44] | 5 studies · 588 participants | Low |
Progesterone vs placebo or no treatment Congential abnormalities · women with threatened miscarriage Progestogen for treating threatened miscarriage (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.1, 4.82] | 2 studies · 337 participants | Very low |
IM pethidine vs placebo Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour (number of women satisfied or very satisfied after 30 minutes) · women in labour Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 7 [0.38, 128.87] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Epidural Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score measured during labour Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal satisfaction with analgesia (Analgesic effect described as satisfactory (not clear when measured)) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Maternal pain relief poor or none (3‐5 PN)) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain intensity 4 or 5 on 5‐point scale (1 hour)) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal satisfaction with analgesia in labour measured during the postnatal period (Global assessment of pain relief at 24 hours) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain intensity at 1 hour (moderate or severe)) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |