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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,852 questions in 128 reviews · Effective Practice and Organisation of Care
current versionsNo studies 557 · 30.1%Ungraded 53 · 2.9%Very low 446 · 24.1%Low 476 · 25.7%Moderate 255 · 13.8%High 65 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Maximum prices vs no maximum prices Drug use · Patients taking statins Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Maximum prices vs no maximum prices Adverse events · Patients taking statins Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Reference pricing policy vs no reference pricing Insurer's drug expenditures one year after the transition period · Patients with drug insurance Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Maximum prices vs no maximum prices CI: Confidence interval · Patients taking statins Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Reference pricing policy vs no reference pricing Drug use one year after the transition period · Patients with drug insurance Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Reference pricing policy vs no reference pricing Healthcare utilisation · Patients with drug insurance Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Reference pricing policy vs no reference pricing Health outcomes · Patients with drug insurance Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Reference pricing policy vs no reference pricing Adverse events · Patients with drug insurance Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Index pricing vs no index pricing Drug use 6 months after policy start date · Norwegian citizens taking one of the following drugs: citalopram (depression), omeprazol (antiulcer), cetirizin… Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Index pricing vs no index pricing Drug prices 6 months after policy start date · Norwegian citizens taking one of the following drugs: citalopram (depression), omeprazol (antiulcer), cetirizin… Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Index pricing vs no index pricing Drug expenditures · Norwegian citizens taking one of the following drugs: citalopram (depression), omeprazol (antiulcer), cetirizin… Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Information and application support vs no intervention Outcomes (11‐month · Children with no health insurance Strategies for expanding health insurance coverage in vulnerable populations (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Information and application support vs no intervention Enrolment · Children with no health insurance Strategies for expanding health insurance coverage in vulnerable populations (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.68 [1.44, 1.96] | 1 study · 257 participants | Moderate |
Information and application support vs no intervention Continuous enrolment · Children with no health insurance Strategies for expanding health insurance coverage in vulnerable populations (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2.59 [1.95, 3.44] | 1 study · 257 participants | Moderate |
Information and application support vs no intervention Mean time to obtain insurance · Children with no health insurance Strategies for expanding health insurance coverage in vulnerable populations (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 200 participants | Low |
Information and application support vs no intervention Parental satisfaction with process of enrolment2 (measured on a scale from 1=very satisfied to 5=very unsatisfied) · Children with no health insurance Strategies for expanding health insurance coverage in vulnerable populations (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 173 participants | Low |
Handing out applications in emergency departments of hospitals vs no intervention Outcomes (90 days · Children with no health insurance Strategies for expanding health insurance coverage in vulnerable populations (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Handing out applications in emergency departments of hospitals vs no intervention Enrolment · Children with no health insurance Strategies for expanding health insurance coverage in vulnerable populations (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [1.03, 2.18] | 1 study · 223 participants | Low |
Dental auxiliaries vs dentists Retention rates of preventive resin fissure sealants · people requiring dental care (preventive resin fissure sealants) Dental auxiliaries for dental care traditionally provided by dentists (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 6 participants | Very low |
Dental auxiliaries vs dentists Survival rates of ART · people requiring dental care (preventive resin fissure sealants) Dental auxiliaries for dental care traditionally provided by dentists (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 7 participants | Very low |
Fee-for-service remuneration vs No specific intervention (control) Healthcare costs: cost-effectiveness of fee-for-service vs control (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, reported as % change in outcome per GBP; currency year NR) · Dentists seeing children with erupted second permanent molars (Scotland, in areas representing the four most deprived… · 18 months The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | ICER 0.10 | 1 study · 68 participants | Very low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Measures of non-clinical behaviour: proportion of dentists introducing innovations into their dental practices · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 | 1 study | Ungraded |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Patient outcomes: mean percentage of 0- to 15-year-olds having one or more teeth extracted · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Rural community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.70 | 1 study · 2250 participants | Low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Measures of health service utilisation: mean number of visits per 0- to 15-year-old · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Commuter suburb community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | MD -0.4 | 1 study · 2250 participants | Low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Patient outcomes: mean number of decayed teeth per 14- to 15-year-old (data for 0- to 15-year-olds NR) · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Scottish community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | MD 0.15 | 1 study · 1919 participants | Low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Unintended effects: self-reported temptation to under-prescribe (0- to 100-point visual analogue scale) · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | MD 20.6 | 1 study | Ungraded |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Measures of clinical activity: mean percentage of 0- to 15-year-olds receiving active preventive advice · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Northern urban community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | RR 2.42 | 1 study · 2250 participants | Low |
Fee-for-service remuneration vs No specific intervention (control) Measures of clinical activity: mean percentage of 12- to 14-year-olds receiving fissure sealants for second permanent molars per dentist (weighted by number of children seen) - unadjusted · Dentists seeing children with erupted second permanent molars (Scotland, in areas representing the four most deprived… · 18 months The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | RD 7.1 [-1.9, 16.1] | 1 study · 133 participants | Very low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Patient outcomes: mean number of decayed teeth per 14- to 15-year-old (data for 0- to 15-year-olds NR) · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Commuter suburb community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | MD 0.07 | 1 study · 1919 participants | Low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Healthcare costs: mean expenditure in GBP per 0- to 15-year-old (currency year NR) · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 1 year, Scottish community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | MD 1.52 | 1 study · 276414 participants | Low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Unintended effects: self-reported temptation to over-prescribe (0- to 100-point visual analogue scale) · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | MD -14.9 | 1 study | Ungraded |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Measures of health service utilisation: mean number of visits per 0- to 15-year-old · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Scottish community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | MD -0.5 | 1 study · 2250 participants | Low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Patient outcomes: mean number of filled teeth per 0- to 15-year-old · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Commuter suburb community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | MD -0.03 | 1 study · 2250 participants | Low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Measures of clinical activity: mean percentage of 0- to 15-year-olds receiving active preventive advice · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Rural community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 | 1 study · 2250 participants | Low |
Capitation remuneration vs Fee-for-service remuneration Patient outcomes: mean percentage of 0- to 15-year-olds having one or more teeth extracted · Children (0- to 15-year-olds) undergoing routine continuing dental care at 354 dental practices, in matched pairs of… · 3 years, Commuter suburb community The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.00 | 1 study · 2250 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Patient outcomes · professionals or patients involved in interprofessional education intervention Interprofessional education: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Adherence rates · professionals or patients involved in interprofessional education intervention Interprofessional education: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Patient satisfaction · professionals or patients involved in interprofessional education intervention Interprofessional education: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Clinical process outcomes · professionals or patients involved in interprofessional education intervention Interprofessional education: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Collaborative behaviour · professionals or patients involved in interprofessional education intervention Interprofessional education: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Error rates · professionals or patients involved in interprofessional education intervention Interprofessional education: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Practitioner competencies · professionals or patients involved in interprofessional education intervention Interprofessional education: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Serum concentrations ‐ aminoglycoside antibiotics: peak concentration · patients with leading serum concentrations within therapeutic range Computerized advice on drug dosage to improve prescribing practice (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 372 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Death · patients with leading to fewer clinical adverse events Computerized advice on drug dosage to improve prescribing practice (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.8, 1.45] | 10 studies · 14046 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Anticoagulants: events ‐ bleeding · patients with leading to fewer clinical adverse events Computerized advice on drug dosage to improve prescribing practice (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.3, 1.41] | 6 studies · 552 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Anticoagulants: events ‐ thromboembolism · patients with leading to fewer clinical adverse events Computerized advice on drug dosage to improve prescribing practice (2013) · Cochrane | RR 3.25 [0.66, 16.03] | 4 studies · 355 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Insulin ‐ hypoglycaemia (< 60 mg/dL) · patients with leading to fewer clinical adverse events Computerized advice on drug dosage to improve prescribing practice (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.35, 1.48] | 7 studies · 378 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Insulin ‐ severe hypoglycaemia (< 40 mg/dL) · patients with leading to fewer clinical adverse events Computerized advice on drug dosage to improve prescribing practice (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.11, 4.31] | 4 studies · 292 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Aminoglycoside antibiotics ‐ nephrotoxicity · patients with leading to fewer clinical adverse events Computerized advice on drug dosage to improve prescribing practice (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.42, 1.06] | 4 studies · 493 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Length of stay (days) · saving healthcare resources Computerized advice on drug dosage to improve prescribing practice (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 18507 participants | Very low |