Cochrane · systematic review · CD005979
Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies
Acosta, A, Ciapponi, A, Aaserud, M, et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · 2014 · Cochrane Library
Effective Practice and Organisation of CareAMSTAR 2: not assessed
SoF tableOnly the outcomes this review put in its Summary of Findings table are listed (the Cochrane Handbook caps them at about seven per comparison). Its other analyses are not shown here.
Questions
20
current version
GRADE rated
6
No studies
14
Included studies
NR
No studies 14 · 70%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 1 · 5%Low 5 · 25%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Questions and results
Reference pricing policy compared to no reference pricing
Population: Patients with drug insurance
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Insurer's cumulative drug expenditures one year after the transition period Reference pricing policy vs no reference pricing | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Insurer's drug expenditures one year after the transition period Reference pricing policy vs no reference pricing | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Drug use one year after the transition period Reference pricing policy vs no reference pricing | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Healthcare utilisation Reference pricing policy vs no reference pricing | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Health outcomes Reference pricing policy vs no reference pricing | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Adverse events Reference pricing policy vs no reference pricing | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Index pricing compared to no index pricing
Population: Norwegian citizens taking one of the following drugs: citalopram (depression), omeprazol (antiulcer), cetirizin (allergy), loratadin (allergy), enalapril (high blood pressure) and lisinopril (high blood pressure), simvastatin (high cholesterol) or amlodipin (high blood pressure)
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Drug use 6 months after policy start date Index pricing vs no index pricing | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Drug prices 6 months after policy start date Index pricing vs no index pricing | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Drug expenditures Index pricing vs no index pricing | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Healthcare utilisation Index pricing vs no index pricing | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Health outcomes Index pricing vs no index pricing | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Adverse events Index pricing vs no index pricing | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CI: Confidence interval Index pricing vs no index pricing | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Maximum prices compared to no maximum prices for drug expenditures
Population: Patients taking statins
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Drug expenditure one year after the transition period Maximum prices vs no maximum prices | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Drug prices Maximum prices vs no maximum prices | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Healthcare utilisation Maximum prices vs no maximum prices | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Health outcomes Maximum prices vs no maximum prices | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Drug use Maximum prices vs no maximum prices | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Adverse events Maximum prices vs no maximum prices | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CI: Confidence interval Maximum prices vs no maximum prices | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |