What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes number of participants requiring oral corticosteroids over the study… (very low certainty).

• Culture‐specific programs for children and adults from minority groups who have asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.97 [0.55, 1.73]
  1 study · 294 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to higher antibiotic prescriptions (number of courses/person/year)… (low certainty).

• Haemophilus influenzae oral vaccination for preventing acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.81 [1.35, 2.44]
  3 studies · 142 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes tacrolimus plus mycophenolate plus glucocorticosteroids (very low certainty).

• Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.58 [0.14, 1.91]
  1 study · 195 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations showed no clear difference in courses of oral steroids compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 4.38 [0.55, 34.91]
  4 studies · 963 participants
  Low

Umeclidinium bromide vs placebo

Umeclidinium bromide leads to lower number of participants with exacerbations requiring steroids,… compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Umeclidinium bromide versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.61 [0.46, 0.8]
  4 studies · 1922 participants
  High

Oat‐containing moisturisers vs vehicle or no moisturiser

• Emollients and moisturisers for eczema 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 222 participants
  Low

Moisturisers vs vehicle, placebo or no moisturiser

• Emollients and moisturisers for eczema 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 222 participants
  Low

Moisturisers vs no treatment (no moisturiser)

• Emollients and moisturisers for eczema 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 222 participants
  Low

Azathioprine + infliximab vs infliximab

Azathioprine + infliximab probably leads to higher clinical remission off steroids compared with infliximab (moderate certainty).

• Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.23 [1.02, 1.47]
  2 studies · 383 participants
  Moderate

Azathioprine vs infliximab

Azathioprine probably leads to lower clinical remission off steroids compared with infliximab (moderate certainty).

• Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.68 [0.51, 0.9]
  1 study · 339 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 38 participants
  Very low

Action plan vs usual care

• Action plans with brief patient education for exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 200 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids 7.3‐month (low certainty).

• Home telemonitoring and remote feedback between clinic visits for asthma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.93 [0.6, 1.44]
  4 studies · 466 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids3 months (low certainty).

• Remote versus face‐to‐face check‐ups for asthma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.74 [0.41, 7.44]
  1 study · 278 participants
  Low

CBT vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for adults and adolescents with asthma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Maintenance LTRA vs placebo

Maintenance LTRA showed no clear difference in number of participants experiencing one or more episode requiring… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.2 [0.7, 2.06]
  1 study · 347 participants
  Moderate