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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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Review versions

2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal

current versions

No studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Fish oil LE vs non‐fish oil LE Conjugated bilirubin levels · parenterally fed term and late preterm infants with surgical conditions Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed term and late preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 38 participants	Ungraded
Fish oil LE vs non‐fish oil LE ALP levels · parenterally fed term and late preterm infants with surgical conditions Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed term and late preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 38 participants	Low
Fish oil LE vs non‐fish oil LE Death before discharge · parenterally fed term and late preterm infants with surgical conditions Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed term and late preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 68 participants	Ungraded
Fish oil LE vs non‐fish oil LE Neurodevelopmental outcome (6 and 24 months) · parenterally fed term and late preterm infants with surgical conditions Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed term and late preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 10 participants	Ungraded
Fish oil LE vs non‐fish oil LE PNALD/cholestasis (any definition) MOFS‐LE vs S‐LE Pure F‐LE vs S‐LE · parenterally fed term and late preterm infants Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed term and late preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.54 [0.32, 0.91]	2 studies · 40 participants	Very low
Intravenous immunoglobulin plus phototherapy vs phototherapy alone Use of ET (≥ 1); all studies · neonates with alloimmune hemolytic disease Immunoglobulin for alloimmune hemolytic disease in neonates (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.35 [0.25, 0.49]	9 studies · 658 participants	Very low
Intravenous immunoglobulin plus phototherapy vs phototherapy alone Use of ET (≥ 1); placebo‐controlled studies · neonates with alloimmune hemolytic disease Immunoglobulin for alloimmune hemolytic disease in neonates (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.48, 1.98]	2 studies · 172 participants	Moderate
Intravenous immunoglobulin plus phototherapy vs phototherapy alone ETs performed per infant; all studies · neonates with alloimmune hemolytic disease Immunoglobulin for alloimmune hemolytic disease in neonates (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	9 studies · 658 participants	Very low
Intravenous immunoglobulin plus phototherapy vs phototherapy alone ETs performed per infant; placebo‐controlled studies · neonates with alloimmune hemolytic disease Immunoglobulin for alloimmune hemolytic disease in neonates (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 172 participants	Moderate
Intravenous immunoglobulin plus phototherapy vs phototherapy alone Use of top‐up transfusion in 1st week of life; all studies · neonates with alloimmune hemolytic disease Immunoglobulin for alloimmune hemolytic disease in neonates (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.05 [0.65, 1.69]	4 studies · 378 participants	Low
Intravenous immunoglobulin plus phototherapy vs phototherapy alone Use of top‐up transfusion after 1st week of life; all studies · neonates with alloimmune hemolytic disease Immunoglobulin for alloimmune hemolytic disease in neonates (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.16 [0.97, 1.38]	7 studies · 507 participants	Very low
Intravenous immunoglobulin plus phototherapy vs phototherapy alone Maximum total serum bilirubin (µmol/L); all studies · neonates with alloimmune hemolytic disease Immunoglobulin for alloimmune hemolytic disease in neonates (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 451 participants	Very low
LMA vs BMV Failure with primary modality of resuscitation · neonatal resuscitation Laryngeal mask airway versus bag‐mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.16 [0.09, 0.3]	5 studies · 660 participants	Moderate
LMA vs endotracheal intubation Death or HIE · neonatal resuscitation Laryngeal mask airway versus bag‐mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.59 [0.11, 3.32]	1 study · 68 participants	Low
LMA vs BMV Need for intubation · neonatal resuscitation Laryngeal mask airway versus bag‐mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.24 [0.12, 0.47]	5 studies · 660 participants	Moderate
LMA vs BMV Apgar score ≤ 7 at 5 minutes · neonatal resuscitation Laryngeal mask airway versus bag‐mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.34 [0.16, 0.74]	2 studies · 511 participants	Moderate
LMA vs BMV Admission to NICU · neonatal resuscitation Laryngeal mask airway versus bag‐mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.6 [0.4, 0.9]	2 studies · 191 participants	Moderate
LMA vs BMV Death or HIE · neonatal resuscitation Laryngeal mask airway versus bag‐mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.65 [0.17, 2.43]	2 studies · 191 participants	Low
LMA vs endotracheal intubation Failure to correctly insert the device · neonatal resuscitation Laryngeal mask airway versus bag‐mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.95 [0.17, 5.42]	3 studies · 158 participants	Very low
LMA vs endotracheal intubation Successful insertion of device at first attempt · neonatal resuscitation Laryngeal mask airway versus bag‐mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.01 [0.89, 1.14]	2 studies · 108 participants	Very low
LMA vs endotracheal intubation Apgar score ≤ 7 at 5 minutes · neonatal resuscitation Laryngeal mask airway versus bag‐mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.7 [0.34, 1.45]	2 studies · 108 participants	Low
LMA vs endotracheal intubation Soft tissue trauma after device inserted · neonatal resuscitation Laryngeal mask airway versus bag‐mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation (2018) · Cochrane	RR 2 [0.58, 6.91]	1 study · 40 participants	Low
Naloxone vs placebo or no drug Admission to neonatal intensive or special care unit ‐ not reported · opioid‐exposed newborn infants Naloxone for opioid‐exposed newborn infants (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Naloxone vs placebo or no drug Duration of neonatal intensive or special care unit stay ‐ not reported · opioid‐exposed newborn infants Naloxone for opioid‐exposed newborn infants (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Naloxone vs placebo or no drug Failure to establish breastfeeding prior to hospital discharge ‐ not reported · opioid‐exposed newborn infants Naloxone for opioid‐exposed newborn infants (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Naloxone vs placebo or no drug Neurodevelopmental outcomes beyond infancy ‐ not reported · opioid‐exposed newborn infants Naloxone for opioid‐exposed newborn infants (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Naloxone vs placebo or no drug Receipt of endotracheal intubation ‐ not reported · opioid‐exposed newborn infants Naloxone for opioid‐exposed newborn infants (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Naloxone vs placebo or no drug Receipt of assisted ventilation ‐ not reported · opioid‐exposed newborn infants Naloxone for opioid‐exposed newborn infants (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Early short‐term feeding: hydrolysed formula vs human milk feeding ‐ low‐risk infants All allergic disease ‐ childhood (incidence) · infants not selected for allergic disease risk. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.43 [0.38, 5.37]	1 study · 90 participants	Very low
Early short‐term feeding: hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula ‐ low‐risk infants Food allergy ‐ childhood (incidence) · infants not selected for allergic disease risk. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.37 [0.33, 5.71]	1 study · 77 participants	Very low
Early short‐term feeding: hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula ‐ low‐risk infants Cow's milk allergy ‐ infancy (incidence) · infants not selected for allergic disease risk. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.62 [0.38, 1]	1 study · 3473 participants	Very low
Early short‐term feeding: hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula ‐ low‐risk infants Cow's milk allergy ‐ childhood (incidence) · infants not selected for allergic disease risk. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 5.13 [0.25, 103.43]	1 study · 77 participants	Very low
Prolonged feeding: hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula All allergic disease ‐ Infancy (incidence) · infants. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.88 [0.76, 1.01]	8 studies · 2852 participants	Very low
Prolonged feeding: hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula All allergic disease ‐ Childhood (incidence) · infants. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.85 [0.69, 1.05]	2 studies · 950 participants	Very low
Prolonged feeding: hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula Asthma ‐ Infancy (incidence) · infants. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.57 [0.31, 1.04]	4 studies · 318 participants	Very low
Prolonged feeding: hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula Eczema ‐ Infancy (incidence) · infants. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.79, 1.09]	9 studies · 2896 participants	Very low
Prolonged feeding: hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula Rhinitis ‐ Infancy (incidence) · infants. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.52 [0.14, 1.85]	3 studies · 256 participants	Very low
Prolonged feeding: hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula Food allergy ‐ Infancy (incidence) · infants. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.42 [0.87, 2.33]	2 studies · 479 participants	Very low
Prolonged feeding: hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula Cow's milk allergy ‐ Infancy (incidence) · infants. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 2.31 [0.24, 21.97]	1 study · 338 participants	Very low
Early short‐term feeding: hydrolysed formula vs human milk feeding ‐ low‐risk infants Asthma ‐ childhood (incidence) · infants not selected for allergic disease risk. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.48 [0.05, 4.41]	1 study · 90 participants	Very low
Early short‐term feeding: hydrolysed formula vs human milk feeding ‐ low‐risk infants Eczema ‐ childhood (incidence) · infants not selected for allergic disease risk. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.48 [0.05, 4.41]	1 study · 90 participants	Very low
Early short‐term feeding: hydrolysed formula vs human milk feeding ‐ low‐risk infants Food allergy ‐ childhood (incidence) · infants not selected for allergic disease risk. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.43 [0.38, 5.37]	1 study · 90 participants	Very low
Early short‐term feeding: hydrolysed formula vs human milk feeding ‐ low‐risk infants Cow's milk allergy ‐ infancy (incidence) · infants not selected for allergic disease risk. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.87 [0.52, 1.46]	1 study · 3559 participants	Very low
Early short‐term feeding: hydrolysed formula vs human milk feeding ‐ low‐risk infants Cow's milk allergy ‐ childhood (incidence) · infants not selected for allergic disease risk. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 7.11 [0.35, 143.84]	1 study · 90 participants	Very low
Early short‐term feeding: hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula ‐ low‐risk infants All allergic disease ‐ childhood (incidence) · infants not selected for allergic disease risk. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.37 [0.33, 5.71]	1 study · 77 participants	Very low
Early short‐term feeding: hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula ‐ low‐risk infants Asthma ‐ childhood (incidence) · infants not selected for allergic disease risk. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 3.08 [0.13, 73.26]	1 study · 77 participants	Very low
Early short‐term feeding: hydrolysed formula vs cow's milk formula ‐ low‐risk infants Eczema ‐ childhood (incidence) · infants not selected for allergic disease risk. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.34 [0.04, 3.15]	1 study · 77 participants	Very low
Plastic wrap or bag vs routine care Core body temperature (°C) on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth · preterm and/or low birth weight infants Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	13 studies · 1633 participants	Moderate
Plastic wrap or bag vs routine care Hypothermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature < 36.5°C or skin temperature < 36°C · preterm and/or low birth weight infants Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.67 [0.62, 0.72]	10 studies · 1417 participants	Moderate
Plastic wrap or bag vs routine care Core body temperature (°C) · preterm and/or low birth weight infants Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 373 participants	Moderate