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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Review versions

2,206 questions in 117 reviews · Common Mental Disorders

current versions

No studies 387 · 17.5%Ungraded 111 · 5%Very low 635 · 28.8%Low 568 · 25.7%Moderate 449 · 20.4%High 56 · 2.5%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs waiting list, attention, information, or online discussion group only control Quality of life at post‐treatment Indexed by self‐report measures of quality of life or functional disability · patients with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	23 studies · 1639 participants	Moderate
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs waiting list, attention, information, or online discussion group only control Adverse events at post‐treatment not reported · patients with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs waiting list, attention, information, or online discussion group only control Participant satisfaction Indexed by a mix of qualitative and quantitative self‐report measures · patients with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 13 participants	Ungraded
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs unguided CBT Clinically important improvement in anxiety at post‐treatment Indexed by a standardized interview or clinically accepted measure cut‐off score1 · patients with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 54 participants	Very low
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs unguided CBT Disorder‐specific anxiety symptom severity at post‐treatment Indexed by a range of disorder‐specific self‐report measures · patients with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 312 participants	Very low
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs unguided CBT General anxiety symptom severity at post‐treatment Indexed by a range of measures of anxiety symptoms in general · patients with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 138 participants	Very low
Antidepressants vs benzodiazepines failure to respond · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.67, 1.47]	2 studies · 215 participants	Low
TCAs vs benzodiazepines panic symptoms ‐ endpoint score · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 998 participants	Very low
TCAs vs benzodiazepines panic symptoms ‐ mean change · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 44 participants	Low
TCAs vs benzodiazepines number of dropouts due to adverse effects · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 2.1 [1.13, 3.93]	2 studies · 848 participants	Low
SSRIs vs benzodiazepines failure to respond · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.48, 1.8]	1 study · 154 participants	Very low
SSRIs vs benzodiazepines total number of dropouts · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.71 [1.03, 2.84]	1 study · 154 participants	Very low
SSRIs vs benzodiazepines failure to remit · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.12 [0.79, 1.59]	1 study · 154 participants	Very low
SSRIs vs benzodiazepines panic symptoms · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 146 participants	Low
SSRIs vs benzodiazepines number of dropouts due to adverse effects · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.2 [0.55, 2.61]	1 study · 154 participants	Very low
TCAs vs SSRI failure to respond · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.08 [0.71, 1.66]	4 studies · 438 participants	Low
TCAs vs SSRI total number of dropouts · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.65, 1.48]	7 studies · 928 participants	Low
Antidepressants vs benzodiazepines total number of dropouts · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.64 [1.03, 2.63]	7 studies · 1449 participants	Very low
TCAs vs SSRI failure to remit · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.89 [0.63, 1.26]	5 studies · 475 participants	Moderate
TCAs vs SSRI panic symptoms · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 243 participants	Very low
TCAs vs SSRI number of dropouts due to adverse effects · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.43 [0.82, 2.48]	5 studies · 476 participants	Low
TCA vs MAOI failure to respond · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.59 [0.28, 1.26]	1 study · 135 participants	Low
TCA vs MAOI total number of dropouts · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.84 [0.61, 1.17]	2 studies · 228 participants	Moderate
TCA vs MAOI failure to remit · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
TCA vs MAOI panic symptoms · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 135 participants	Low
TCA vs MAOI number of dropouts due to adverse events · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.27 [0.5, 3.21]	1 study · 135 participants	Low
SSRIs vs MAOIs failure to respond · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.12 [0.83, 1.52]	2 studies · 396 participants	Moderate
SSRIs vs MAOIs total number of dropouts · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.07, 14.55]	1 study · 30 participants	Low
Antidepressants vs benzodiazepines failure to remit · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.18 [1.01, 1.37]	3 studies · 1002 participants	Moderate
SSRIs vs MAOIs failure to remit · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.74, 1.17]	1 study · 366 participants	Moderate
SSRIs vs MAOIs panic symptoms · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
SSRIs vs MAOIs number of dropouts due to adverse events · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.26 [0.59, 2.7]	1 study · 366 participants	Low
SSRIs vs SNRIs failure to respond · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.96 [0.75, 1.23]	2 studies · 991 participants	High
SSRIs vs SNRIs total number of dropouts · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.11 [0.74, 1.65]	2 studies · 991 participants	Low
SSRIs vs SNRIs failure to remit · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.05 [0.91, 1.21]	2 studies · 991 participants	High
SSRIs vs SNRIs panic symptoms · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 945 participants	High
SSRIs vs SNRIs number of dropouts due to adverse effects · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.86 [0.49, 7.05]	2 studies · 991 participants	Low
SSRIs vs NaSSAs failure to respond · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
SSRIs vs NaSSAs total number of dropouts · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.5 [0.29, 7.73]	1 study · 30 participants	Low
Antidepressants vs benzodiazepines panic symptoms ‐ endpoint score · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 1144 participants	Very low
SSRIs vs NaSSAs failure to remit · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
SSRIs vs NaSSAs panic symptoms · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 22 participants	Low
SSRIs vs NaSSAs number of dropouts due to adverse events · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.5 [0.29, 7.73]	1 study · 30 participants	Low
Antidepressants vs benzodiazepines panic symptoms ‐mean change · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 44 participants	Low
Antidepressants vs benzodiazepines number of dropouts due to adverse effects · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.72 [1.03, 2.87]	3 studies · 1002 participants	Low
TCAs vs benzodiazepines failure to respond · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.02 [0.63, 1.67]	1 study · 61 participants	Very low
TCAs vs benzodiazepines total number of dropouts · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.67 [0.93, 2.99]	6 studies · 1295 participants	Very low
TCAs vs benzodiazepines failure to remit · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.19 [1, 1.41]	2 studies · 848 participants	Moderate
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy vs treatment Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · adults who engage in SH Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2016) · Cochrane	OR 0.66 [0.36, 1.21]	1 study · 313 participants	Low
Comparison 2: Interventions for multiple repetition of SH/probable personality disorder vs treatment DBT vs TAU · adults who engage in SH Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies