Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin D supplementation vs placebo or no intervention Maternal adverse event: nephritic syndrome · pregnant women and their infants. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.17 [0.01, 4.06] | 1 study · 135 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D supplementation vs placebo or no intervention Maternal adverse event: hypercalcaemia · pregnant women and their infants. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1134 participants | Low |
Vitamin D supplementation vs placebo or no intervention Preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) · pregnant women and their infants. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.34, 1.3] | 7 studies · 1640 participants | Low |
Vitamin D supplementation vs placebo or no intervention Low birthweight (less than 2500 g) · pregnant women and their infants. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.35, 0.87] | 5 studies · 697 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin D + calcium supplementation vs placebo or no intervention Pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women and their infants.. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.32, 0.78] | 4 studies · 1174 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin D + calcium supplementation vs placebo or no intervention Gestational diabetes · pregnant women and their infants.. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.84] | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Continuous glucose monitoring vs intermittent glucose monitoring Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including pre‐eclampsia, pregnancy‐induced hypertension, eclampsia) · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.39, 0.85] | 2 studies · 384 participants | Low |
Self‐monitoring at home vs hospitalisation Caesarean section · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.65, 1.44] | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Self‐monitoring at home vs hospitalisation Large‐for‐gestational age · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Self‐monitoring at home vs hospitalisation Perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal mortality) · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.05, 13.24] | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Pre‐prandial vs post‐prandial glucose monitoring Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including pre‐eclampsia, pregnancy‐induced hypertension, eclampsia) · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Pre‐prandial vs post‐prandial glucose monitoring Caesarean section · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.45 [0.92, 2.28] | 1 study · 61 participants | Very low |
Pre‐prandial vs post‐prandial glucose monitoring Large‐for‐gestational age · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.73, 1.85] | 1 study · 61 participants | Very low |
Pre‐prandial vs post‐prandial glucose monitoring Perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal mortality) · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.91 [0.12, 68.66] | 1 study · 61 participants | Very low |
Automated telemedicine monitoring vs conventional Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including pre‐eclampsia, pregnancy‐induced hypertension, eclampsia) · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Automated telemedicine monitoring vs conventional Caesarean section · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.62, 1.48] | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
Automated telemedicine monitoring vs conventional Large‐for‐gestational age · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Continuous glucose monitoring vs intermittent glucose monitoring Caesarean section · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.75, 1.18] | 3 studies · 427 participants | Moderate |
Automated telemedicine monitoring vs conventional Perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal mortality) · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Constant CGM vs Intermittent CGM Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including pre‐eclampsia, pregnancy‐induced hypertension, eclampsia) · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Constant CGM vs Intermittent CGM Caesarean section · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.33, 1.79] | 1 study · 25 participants | Very low |
Constant CGM vs Intermittent CGM Large‐for‐gestational age · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Constant CGM vs Intermittent CGM Perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal mortality) · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Continuous glucose monitoring vs intermittent glucose monitoring Large‐for‐gestational age · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.57, 1.26] | 3 studies · 421 participants | Low |
Continuous glucose monitoring vs intermittent glucose monitoring Perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal mortality) · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.05, 12.61] | 1 study · 71 participants | Low |
Self‐monitoring vs a different type of self‐monitoring Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including pre‐eclampsia, pregnancy‐induced hypertension, eclampsia) · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Self‐monitoring vs a different type of self‐monitoring Caesarean section · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.4, 1.49] | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Self‐monitoring vs a different type of self‐monitoring Large‐for‐gestational age · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Self‐monitoring vs a different type of self‐monitoring Perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal mortality) · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.13, 67.91] | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Self‐monitoring at home vs hospitalisation Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including pre‐eclampsia, pregnancy‐induced hypertension, eclampsia) · women with pre‐existing diabetes Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.41, 3.51] | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Calcium supplementation vs placebo (maternal outcomes) commencing before or early Pre‐eclampsia · women who are not yet pregnant and women in the early stages of pregnancy Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.61, 1.06] | 1 study · 579 participants | Low |
Calcium supplementation vs placebo (maternal outcomes) commencing before or early Pre‐eclampsia, or pregnancy loss, or stillbirth (or combination) at any gestational age · women who are not yet pregnant and women in the early stages of pregnancy Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.66, 1] | 1 study · 633 participants | Low |
Calcium supplementation vs placebo (maternal outcomes) commencing before or early Severe maternal morbidity and mortality index · women who are not yet pregnant and women in the early stages of pregnancy Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.68, 1.26] | 1 study · 579 participants | Low |
Calcium supplementation vs placebo (maternal outcomes) commencing before or early Pregnancy loss or stillbirth at any gestational age · women who are not yet pregnant and women in the early stages of pregnancy Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.61, 1.14] | 1 study · 633 participants | Low |
Calcium supplementation vs placebo (maternal outcomes) commencing before or early Caesarean section · women who are not yet pregnant and women in the early stages of pregnancy Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.96, 1.28] | 1 study · 578 participants | Low |
Calcium vs placebo (offspring outcomes) commencing before or early Birthweight < 2500 g · women who are not yet pregnant, and women in the early stages of pregnancy Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.76, 1.3] | 1 study · 507 participants | Low |
Calcium vs placebo (offspring outcomes) commencing before or early Apgar < 7 at 5 minutes · women who are not yet pregnant, and women in the early stages of pregnancy Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.15, 1.21] | 1 study · 494 participants | Very low |
Calcium vs placebo (offspring outcomes) commencing before or early Perinatal death, or NICU admission for > 24 hours (or both) · women who are not yet pregnant, and women in the early stages of pregnancy Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.77, 1.6] | 1 study · 508 participants | Low |
Calcium vs placebo (offspring outcomes) commencing before or early Pregnancy loss, stillbirth or NND before discharge · women who are not yet pregnant, and women in the early stages of pregnancy Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.61, 1.1] | 1 study · 632 participants | Low |
Guided imagery vs quiet rest Severe hypertension · pregnant women (between 30 and 36 weeks’ gestation) with elevated blood pressure Guided imagery for treating hypertension in pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Guided imagery vs quiet rest Severe pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women (between 30 and 36 weeks’ gestation) with elevated blood pressure Guided imagery for treating hypertension in pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Guided imagery vs quiet rest Perinatal death (stillbirths plus deaths in the first week of life) · pregnant women (between 30 and 36 weeks’ gestation) with elevated blood pressure Guided imagery for treating hypertension in pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Guided imagery vs quiet rest Antihypertensive drug use · pregnant women (between 30 and 36 weeks’ gestation) with elevated blood pressure Guided imagery for treating hypertension in pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.72, 2.22] | 1 study · 69 participants | Low |
Intramuscular (IM) progesterone vs no treatment or placebo Perinatal death · Women with a multiple pregnancy Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.45 [0.6, 3.51] | 6 studies · 3089 participants | Low |
Vaginal progesterone vs no treatment or placebo Infant birthweight less than 2500 g · Women with a multiple pregnancy Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.84, 1.07] | 3 studies · 2640 participants | Moderate |
Vaginal progesterone vs no treatment or placebo Preterm birth less than 37 weeks · Women with a multiple pregnancy Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.89, 1.06] | 6 studies · 1597 participants | Moderate |
Vaginal progesterone vs no treatment or placebo Preterm birth less than 28 weeks · Women with a multiple pregnancy Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.53 [0.79, 2.97] | 3 studies · 1345 participants | Low |
Intramuscular (IM) progesterone vs no treatment or placebo Preterm birth less than 34 weeks · Women with a multiple pregnancy Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.54 [1.06, 2.26] | 2 studies · 399 participants | Low |
Intramuscular (IM) progesterone vs no treatment or placebo Major neurodevelopmental disability at childhood · Women with a multiple pregnancy Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intramuscular (IM) progesterone vs no treatment or placebo Infant birthweight less than 2500 g · Women with a multiple pregnancy Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.9, 1.08] | 5 studies · 4071 participants | Moderate |