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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,206 questions in 117 reviews · Common Mental Disorders
current versionsNo studies 387 · 17.5%Ungraded 111 · 5%Very low 635 · 28.8%Low 568 · 25.7%Moderate 449 · 20.4%High 56 · 2.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
All psychological therapies vs benzodiazepines Short‐term remission · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.7, 1.65] | 3 studies · 95 participants | Very low |
All psychological therapies vs benzodiazepines Short‐term response · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.58 [0.7, 3.58] | 2 studies · 69 participants | Very low |
All psychological therapies vs benzodiazepines Dropouts for any reason · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.54, 2.36] | 3 studies · 116 participants | Very low |
All psychological therapies vs benzodiazepines Long‐term remission/response · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
All psychological therapies vs SSRI Short‐term response · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.51, 1.86] | 5 studies · 277 participants | Very low |
All psychological therapies vs benzodiazepines Short‐term improvement Scale used (range; lower is better): Brief Scale for Anxiety (0 to 60) STAI state anxiety (20 to 80) · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 89 participants | Very low |
All psychological therapies vs antidepressants alone or antidepressants and benzodiazepines Short‐term remission · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.71, 1.05] | 11 studies · 663 participants | Low |
All psychological therapies vs antidepressants alone or antidepressants and benzodiazepines Short‐term response · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.76, 1.18] | 12 studies · 800 participants | Low |
All psychological therapies vs antidepressants alone or antidepressants and benzodiazepines Dropouts for any reason · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.77, 1.51] | 13 studies · 909 participants | Very low |
All psychological therapies vs antidepressants alone or antidepressants and benzodiazepines Long‐term remission/response · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
All psychological therapies vs antidepressants alone or antidepressants and benzodiazepines Short‐term improvement Scale used (range; lower is better): panic frequency Clinical Global Impression (1 to 7) Agoraphobic Cognitive Questionnaire (1 to 70) Fear Questionnaire Agoraphobia Subscale (0 to 14) Brief Scale for Anxiety (0 to 60) STAI ... · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 638 participants | Low |
All psychological therapies vs SSRI Dropouts for any reason · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.8, 2.22] | 6 studies · 334 participants | Low |
All psychological therapies vs SSRI Long‐term remission/response · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
All psychological therapies vs SSRI Short‐term improvement Scale used (range; lower is better): panic frequency Clinical Global Impression (1 to 7) Agoraphobic Cognitive Questionnaire (1 to 70) Fear Questionnaire Agoraphobia Subscale (0 to 14) · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 242 participants | Moderate |
All psychological therapies vs tricyclic antidepressants Short‐term remission · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.62, 1.09] | 3 studies · 229 participants | Low |
All psychological therapies vs tricyclic antidepressants Short‐term response · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.51, 1.1] | 4 studies · 270 participants | Low |
All psychological therapies vs tricyclic antidepressants Dropouts for any reason · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.53, 1.3] | 5 studies · 430 participants | Low |
All psychological therapies vs tricyclic antidepressants Long‐term remission/response · adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs placebo Efficacy. Change in scores from baseline to end of treatment on the depression rating scale A larger negative SMD indicates greater improvement in the SAMe group · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 142 participants | Very low |
S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs tricyclic antidepressant agent Acceptability. Participants experiencing troublesome adverse effects of any nature · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.52, 0.88] | 3 studies · 604 participants | Low |
S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs SSRI antidepressant agent Efficacy. Change in scores from baseline to end of treatment on the depression rating scale A larger negative MD indicates greater improvement in the SAMe group · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 129 participants | Low |
S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs SSRI antidepressant agent Acceptability Participants dropping out of treatment during the study period for any reason · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.57, 1.16] | 1 study · 129 participants | Low |
S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs SSRI antidepressant agent Proportions of participants responding to treatment ≥ 50% reduction in depression score from baseline to end of treatment A larger RR indicates greater response to treatment in the SAMe group · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.66, 1.7] | 1 study · 129 participants | Low |
S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs SSRI antidepressant agent Proportions of participants achieving remission depression rating scale score within the normal range at the end of the study A larger RR indicates greater response to treatment in the SAMe group · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.58, 1.77] | 1 study · 129 participants | Low |
S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs SSRI antidepressant agent Acceptability. Participants experiencing troublesome adverse effects of any nature · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
S‐adenosyl methionine as adjunctive treatment vs placebo Efficacy. Change in scores from baseline to end of treatment on the depression rating scale A larger negative MD indicates greater improvement in the SAMe group · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 73 participants | Low |
S‐adenosyl methionine as adjunctive treatment vs placebo Acceptability Participants dropping out of treatment during the study period for any reason · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.31, 1.56] | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
S‐adenosyl methionine as adjunctive treatment vs placebo Proportions of participants responding to treatment ≥ 50% reduction in depression score from baseline to end of treatment. A larger RR indicates greater response to treatment in the SAMe group · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.62 [1.17, 5.83] | 1 study · 73 participants | Low |
S‐adenosyl methionine as adjunctive treatment vs placebo Proportions of participants achieving remission depression rating scale score within the normal range at the end of the study. A larger RR indicates greater response to treatment in the SAMe group · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 3.05 [1.11, 8.39] | 1 study · 73 participants | Low |
S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs placebo Acceptability Participants dropping out of treatment during the study period for any reason · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.61, 1.29] | 2 studies · 142 participants | Low |
S‐adenosyl methionine as adjunctive treatment vs placebo Acceptability. Participants experiencing troublesome adverse effects of any nature · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs placebo Proportions of participants responding to treatment ≥ 50% reduction in depression score from baseline to end of treatment A larger RR indicates greater response to treatment in the SAMe group · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.77 [0.51, 6.13] | 2 studies · 142 participants | Low |
S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs placebo Proportions of participants achieving remission Depression rating scale score within the normal range at the end of the study A larger RR indicates greater response to treatment in the SAMe group · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.69 [0.85, 3.36] | 1 study · 124 participants | Low |
S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs placebo Acceptability. Participants experiencing troublesome adverse effects of any nature · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs tricyclic antidepressant agent Efficacy. Change in scores from baseline to end of treatment on the depression rating scale A larger negative SMD indicates greater improvement in the SAMe group · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 619 participants | Low |
S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs tricyclic antidepressant agent Acceptability Participants dropping out of treatment during the study period for any reason · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.28, 1.31] | 3 studies · 78 participants | Very low |
S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs tricyclic antidepressant agent Proportions of participants responding to treatment ≥ 50% reduction in depression score from baseline to end of treatment A larger RR indicates greater response to treatment in the SAMe group · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.83, 1.56] | 4 studies · 622 participants | Very low |
S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs tricyclic antidepressant agent Proportions of participants achieving remission Depression rating scale score within the normal range at the end of the study · adults with depression S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs waiting list, attention, information, or online discussion group only control Clinically important improvement in anxiety at post‐treatment Indexed by a standardized interview or clinically accepted measure cut‐off score1 · patients with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 3.75 [2.51, 5.6] | 12 studies · 866 participants | Low |
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs unguided CBT Quality of life at post‐treatment Indexed by self‐report measures of quality of life or functional disability · patients with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 199 participants | Very low |
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs unguided CBT Adverse events at post‐treatment not reported · patients with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs unguided CBT Participant satisfaction Indexed by a mix of qualitative and quantitative self‐report measures · patients with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 2 participants | Ungraded |
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs face‐to‐face CBT Clinically important improvement in anxiety at post‐treatment Indexed by a standardized interview or clinically accepted measure cut‐off score1 · adults with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.89, 1.34] | 4 studies · 365 participants | Low |
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs face‐to‐face CBT Disorder‐specific anxiety symptom severity at post‐treatment Indexed by a range of disorder‐specific self‐report measures · adults with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 450 participants | Low |
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs face‐to‐face CBT General anxiety symptom severity at post‐treatment Indexed by a range of measures of anxiety symptoms in general · adults with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 343 participants | Low |
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs face‐to‐face CBT Quality of life at post‐treatment Indexed by self‐report measures of quality of life or functional disability · adults with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 392 participants | Low |
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs face‐to‐face CBT Adverse events at post‐treatment ‐ not reported · adults with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs face‐to‐face CBT Participant satisfaction Indexed by a mix of qualitative and quantitative self‐report measures · adults with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 2 participants | Ungraded |
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs waiting list, attention, information, or online discussion group only control Disorder‐specific anxiety symptom severity at post‐treatment Indexed by a range of disorder‐specific self‐report measures · patients with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 28 studies · 2147 participants | Low |
Therapist‐supported ICBT vs waiting list, attention, information, or online discussion group only control General anxiety symptom severity at post‐treatment Indexed by a range of measures of anxiety symptoms in general · patients with anxiety disorders Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 19 studies · 1496 participants | Low |