The review found no eligible studies for this question.
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes number of participants who experienced any adverse effects related… (very low certainty).
Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) probably leads to lower antibiotics used by patients compared with usual care (moderate certainty).
Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) may leads to lower antibiotics prescribed by clinicians compared with usual care (low certainty).
Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) plus… may leads to higher antibiotics prescribed by clinicians compared with prescribing feedback alone (low certainty).
Oral or topical or intraperitoneal antibiotics showed no clear difference in peritonitis (number of patients with one or more episodes) compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).
Oral or topical or intraperitoneal antibiotics showed no clear difference in exit‐site/tunnel infection (number of patients with one or more… compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).
Oral or topical or intraperitoneal antibiotics showed no clear difference in catheter removal or replacement (number of patients) compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).
Comparison 1: referral or full course of antibiotics may leads to lower neonatal mortality ‐ first dose and referral compared with standard care (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether comparison 1: referral or full course of antibiotics changes neonatal mortality ‐ full course compared with standard care (very low certainty).
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) may leads to lower all‐cause mortality during hospital stay compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) changes chronic lung disease compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) changes severe intraventricular haemorrhage compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) changes periventricular leukomalacia compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) showed no clear difference in length of hospital stay (LOS) in days compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) changes necrotising enterocolitis, any Bell stage compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) changes retinopathy of prematurity, any stage compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether cervical cerclage in combination with antibiotics and tocolytics changes serious neonatal morbidity (Reported in Miller 2014 as 'composite… compared with cervical cerclage alone (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether cervical cerclage in combination with antibiotics and tocolytics changes perinatal loss: all ‐ including miscarriages and stillbirth (Note:… compared with cervical cerclage alone (very low certainty).