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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,173 questions in 89 reviews · Neuromuscular
current versionsNo studies 302 · 25.7%Ungraded 119 · 10.1%Very low 267 · 22.8%Low 239 · 20.4%Moderate 177 · 15.1%High 69 · 5.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Bioengineered devices vs standard techniques Integrated functional outcome at ≥ 24 months · people undergoing peripheral nerve repair of the upper limb Bioengineered nerve conduits and wraps for peripheral nerve repair of the upper limb (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 60 participants | Low |
Bioengineered devices vs standard techniques Touch threshold · people undergoing peripheral nerve repair of the upper limb Bioengineered nerve conduits and wraps for peripheral nerve repair of the upper limb (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
Bioengineered devices vs standard techniques Impact on daily living · people undergoing peripheral nerve repair of the upper limb Bioengineered nerve conduits and wraps for peripheral nerve repair of the upper limb (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bioengineered devices vs standard techniques Adverse events assessed as: adverse events (serious and non‐serious) · people undergoing peripheral nerve repair of the upper limb Bioengineered nerve conduits and wraps for peripheral nerve repair of the upper limb (2022) · Cochrane | RR 7.15 [1.74, 29.42] | 5 studies · 213 participants | Very low |
Bioengineered devices vs standard techniques Specific serious adverse events: further surgery (device removal or revision)i assessed as: any unplanned secondary surgery to remove device · people undergoing peripheral nerve repair of the upper limb Bioengineered nerve conduits and wraps for peripheral nerve repair of the upper limb (2022) · Cochrane | RR 7.61 [1.48, 39.02] | 5 studies · 256 participants | Very low |
Surgery for Bell's palsy vs medical treatment (oral prednisolone) or no treatment Complete recovery of facial nerve function at 12 months Defined as: complete recovery HB grade I. · Bell's palsy Surgical interventions for the early management of Bell's palsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 | 2 studies · 57 participants | Very low |
Surgery for Bell's palsy vs medical treatment (oral prednisolone) or no treatment Side effects and complications of treatmentMeasured by clinical assessment · Bell's palsy Surgical interventions for the early management of Bell's palsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 57 participants | Very low |
Early surgery vs late surgery Complete recovery of facial nerve function at 12 months Defined as: complete recovery HB grade I. · people with Bell's palsy Surgical interventions for the early management of Bell's palsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.03, 6.6] | 1 study · 26 participants | Very low |
Early surgery vs late surgery Side effects and complications of treatmentMeasured by clinical assessment · people with Bell's palsy Surgical interventions for the early management of Bell's palsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 26 participants | Ungraded |
Calf and hamstring stretching vs no intervention Change in cramp frequency (cramps per night) (after 6 weeks) · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Calf stretching vs placebo stretching Cramp severity · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calf stretching vs placebo stretching Proportion of participants experiencing cramps · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calf stretching vs placebo stretching Health‐related quality of life · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calf stretching vs placebo stretching Quality of sleep · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calf stretching vs placebo stretching Activities of daily living · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calf, quadriceps, and hamstring stretching vs no stretching Cramp frequency (number of cramps in preceding week) (after 6 weeks) · 50‐ to 60‐year‐old women with metabolic syndrome Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Calf, quadriceps, and hamstring stretching vs no stretching Adverse events · 50‐ to 60‐year‐old women with metabolic syndrome Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Moderate |
Calf, quadriceps, and hamstring stretching vs no stretching Cramp severity (0 to 10 VAS; higher = more pain) (after 6 weeks) · 50‐ to 60‐year‐old women with metabolic syndrome Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Calf, quadriceps, and hamstring stretching vs no stretching Proportion of participants experiencing cramps · 50‐ to 60‐year‐old women with metabolic syndrome Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calf, quadriceps, and hamstring stretching vs no stretching Health‐related quality of life · 50‐ to 60‐year‐old women with metabolic syndrome Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calf and hamstring stretching vs no intervention Adverse events · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Moderate |
Calf, quadriceps, and hamstring stretching vs no stretching Quality of sleep · 50‐ to 60‐year‐old women with metabolic syndrome Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calf, quadriceps, and hamstring stretching vs no stretching Activities of daily living · 50‐ to 60‐year‐old women with metabolic syndrome Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calf and hamstring stretching vs no intervention Change in cramp severity (0 to 10 VAS; higher = worse pain) (after 6 weeks) · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Low |
Calf and hamstring stretching vs no intervention Proportion of participants experiencing cramps · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calf and hamstring stretching vs no intervention Health‐related quality of life · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calf and hamstring stretching vs no intervention Quality of sleep · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calf and hamstring stretching vs no intervention Activities of daily living · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calf stretching vs placebo stretching Cramp frequency (number of cramps in the last four weeks) (after 12 weeks) · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 94 participants | Low |
Calf stretching vs placebo stretching Adverse events · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 94 participants | Very low |
Fludrocortisone vs placebo Blood pressure outcomes · people with diabetes and orthostatic hypotension Fludrocortisone for orthostatic hypotension (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 6 participants | Very low |
Fludrocortisone vs placebo Orthostatic symptoms · people with diabetes and orthostatic hypotension Fludrocortisone for orthostatic hypotension (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 6 participants | Very low |
Fludrocortisone vs placebo Frequency and severity of postural lightheadedness · people with diabetes and orthostatic hypotension Fludrocortisone for orthostatic hypotension (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Fludrocortisone vs placebo Frequency of syncope · people with diabetes and orthostatic hypotension Fludrocortisone for orthostatic hypotension (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Fludrocortisone vs placebo Quality of life · people with diabetes and orthostatic hypotension Fludrocortisone for orthostatic hypotension (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Fludrocortisone vs placebo Serious or severe adverse events · people with diabetes and orthostatic hypotension Fludrocortisone for orthostatic hypotension (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 6 participants | Very low |
Cough augmentation therapy vs an alternative cough augmentation technique or combination of techniques Number of unscheduled hospital admissions for 'maintenance therapy' · participants with chronic neuromuscular diseases Cough augmentation techniques for people with chronic neuromuscular disorders (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cough augmentation therapy vs standard care Peak cough flow for 'rescue' or 'maintenance' therapy · participants with chronic neuromuscular diseases Cough augmentation techniques for people with chronic neuromuscular disorders (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cough augmentation therapy vs standard care Any adverse events for 'rescue' and 'maintenance' therapy · participants with chronic neuromuscular diseases Cough augmentation techniques for people with chronic neuromuscular disorders (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 67 participants | Very low |
Cough augmentation therapy vs standard care Participant preference or satisfaction for 'rescue' or 'maintenance' therapy · participants with chronic neuromuscular diseases Cough augmentation techniques for people with chronic neuromuscular disorders (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cough augmentation therapy vs an alternative cough augmentation technique or combination of techniques Duration of hospital stay (days) for 'rescue' therapy · participants with chronic neuromuscular diseases Cough augmentation techniques for people with chronic neuromuscular disorders (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cough augmentation therapy vs an alternative cough augmentation technique or combination of techniques PCF · participants with chronic neuromuscular diseases Cough augmentation techniques for people with chronic neuromuscular disorders (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 198 participants | Very low |
Cough augmentation therapy vs an alternative cough augmentation technique or combination of techniques Any adverse events · participants with chronic neuromuscular diseases Cough augmentation techniques for people with chronic neuromuscular disorders (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 64 participants | Very low |
Cough augmentation therapy vs an alternative cough augmentation technique or combination of techniques Quality of life for 'maintenance' therapy · participants with chronic neuromuscular diseases Cough augmentation techniques for people with chronic neuromuscular disorders (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cough augmentation therapy vs an alternative cough augmentation technique or combination of techniques Participant preference or satisfaction for 'rescue' and 'maintenance' therapy · participants with chronic neuromuscular diseases Cough augmentation techniques for people with chronic neuromuscular disorders (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cough augmentation therapy vs standard care Number of unscheduled hospital admissions for 'maintenance' therapy · participants with chronic neuromuscular diseases Cough augmentation techniques for people with chronic neuromuscular disorders (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cough augmentation therapy vs standard care Duration of hospital stay (days) for 'rescue' therapy · participants with chronic neuromuscular diseases Cough augmentation techniques for people with chronic neuromuscular disorders (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cough augmentation therapy vs standard care Quality of life for 'maintenance' therapy · participants with chronic neuromuscular diseases Cough augmentation techniques for people with chronic neuromuscular disorders (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
A physical activity programme (weight‐bearing) vs no physical activity programme Time spent walking (minutes per week, activity monitor) · people with NMD Interventions for promoting physical activity in people with neuromuscular disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 69 participants | Low |
A functional programme vs a stretching programme Physical activity (unspecified count per day, activity monitor) · people with NMD Interventions for promoting physical activity in people with neuromuscular disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |