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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
729 questions in 45 reviews · Consumers and Communication
current versionsNo studies 188 · 25.8%Ungraded 93 · 12.8%Very low 155 · 21.3%Low 189 · 25.9%Moderate 90 · 12.3%High 14 · 1.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Family‐centred care vs any control Adverse events or harms Direction of effect: lower beneficial · Indigenous children aged < 5 years Family‐centred interventions for Indigenous early childhood well‐being by primary healthcare services (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Knowledge and understanding Variable scales: information (amount and type) needs/preferences; discordance between patient and physician survival and curability estimates Timing: immediately to 1 month post‐consultation · people approaching the end of life (within 12 months), their family members and/or carers Interventions for interpersonal communication about end of life care between health practitioners and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 552 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Evaluation of the communication: different constructs (perceptions of communication quality; patient‐centredness of communication; involvement preferences; doctor‐patient relationship measures) Timing: immediately post‐consultation to 18 weeks pos... · people approaching the end of life (within 12 months), their family members and/or carers Interventions for interpersonal communication about end of life care between health practitioners and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 6 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Discussions of EoL/EoL care: discussion timing and length EMR review post‐death Timing: at time of family conference (intervention) in ICU; post‐death  · people approaching the end of life (within 12 months), their family members and/or carers Interventions for interpersonal communication about end of life care between health practitioners and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 484 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Discussions of EoL/EoL care: discussion occurrence EMR review post‐death; coding of consultations; self‐reported occurrence Timing: immediately, 1 or 2 weeks post‐consultation; after death · people approaching the end of life (within 12 months), their family members and/or carers Interventions for interpersonal communication about end of life care between health practitioners and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 786 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse (unintended) outcomes  · people approaching the end of life (within 12 months), their family members and/or carers Interventions for interpersonal communication about end of life care between health practitioners and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peer support vs usual care Psychological distress Measures: ‐ Parenting Stress Index (PSI‐SF) ‐ Psychiatric Symptom Index (PSI) ‐ PSI anxiety sub‐scale ‐ State anxiety inventory ‐ Center for Epidemological Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D) ‐ Profile of Mood State Inventory (... · parents and carers of children with complex needs Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 864 participants | Very low |
Peer support vs alternative interventions Confidence and self‐efficacy · parents and carers of children with complex needs Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 20 participants | Ungraded |
Peer support vs alternative interventions Quality of life · parents and carers of children with complex needs Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peer support vs alternative interventions Perception of coping · parents and carers of children with complex needs Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peer support vs alternative interventions Family functioning · parents and carers of children with complex needs Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 81 participants | Ungraded |
Peer support vs alternative interventions Perceived social support · parents and carers of children with complex needs Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peer support vs alternative interventions Confidence and skill at navigating medical services · parents and carers of children with complex needs Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peer support vs alternative interventions Adverse events · parents and carers of children with complex needs Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peer support vs usual care Confidence and self‐efficacy Measures: ‐ Parent Asthma Management Self‐efficacy Scale (PAMSES) (higher score = greater self‐efficacy) ‐ Caregiving Mastery Scale (CMS) (higher score = higher mastery) ‐ Parent Perception Questionnaire (higher score ... · parents and carers of children with complex needs Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 542 participants | Low |
Peer support vs usual care Perception of coping Measures: ‐ Caregiver Strain Questionnaire (CGSQ) (higher score = more strain) ‐ Parent Coping Efficacy Scale (higher score = better coping) Timing of · parents and carers of children with complex needs Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 293 participants | Very low |
Peer support vs usual care Quality of life Measures: ‐ Pediatric Asthma Caregiver's Quality of Life Questionnaire (PACQLQ) ‐ Beach Centre Family Quality of Life Scale (higher scores = better quality of life) Timing of · parents and carers of children with complex needs Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 143 participants | Very low |
Peer support vs usual care Family functioning Measures: ‐ Family Empowerment Scale (FES) (higher score = less impact) ‐ Impact on Family Questionnaire (higher score = more impact) Timing of · parents and carers of children with complex needs Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 272 participants | Very low |
Peer support vs usual care Perceived social support Measures: ‐ Irey's Social Support Inventory ‐ Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support ‐ Arizona Social Support Scale ‐ MOS Social Support scale (higher scores = more support) Timing of · parents and carers of children with complex needs Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 191 participants | Very low |
Peer support vs usual care Confidence and skill at navigating medical services Measures: ‐ Vanderbilt Mental Health Services Efficacy Questionnaire (VMHSEQ) ‐ Family Empowerment Scale (service system sub‐scale) (higher score = more confidence and skill) Timing of · parents and carers of children with complex needs Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 304 participants | Very low |
Peer support vs usual care Adverse events · parents and carers of children with complex needs Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peer support vs alternative interventions Psychological distress Measures: ‐ Parenting Stress Index (PSI‐SF) ‐ State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) · parents and carers of children with complex needs Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 95 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Overall communication skills Different scales used by different studies: total scores vary across communication items or average score on a Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 1356 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Relationship building/rapport Different scales used by different studies: average empathy score across several items or average score on a Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 176 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Information gathering about patient perspectives/concerns · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 164 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Explanation and planning (information giving) · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 122 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Specific communication skills · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 427 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse events · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Overall communication skills Different scales used across studies: total scores vary across communication items or average score on a Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 502 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Empathy · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Relationship building/Rapport · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 190 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Information gathering about patient perspectives/concerns · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Explanation and planning (information giving) · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Empathy Different scales used by different studies: average empathy score across several items or average score on a 5‐ to 9‐point Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 831 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Specific communication skills · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse events · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Overall communication skills Different scales used by different studies: total scores vary across communication items or average score on a Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 637 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Empathy · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 213 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Relationship building/Rapport · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Information gathering about patient perspectives/concerns · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Explanation and planning (information giving) · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Specific communication skills · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 120 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse events · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Relationship building/rapport Different scales used by different studies: average empathy score across several items or average score on a Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 834 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Information gathering about patient perspectives/concerns Different scales used by different studies, some dichotomous outcomes Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 405 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Explanation and planning (information giving) Different scales used by different studies, some dichotomous outcomes Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 695 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Specific communication techniques Different scales used by different studies, some dichotomous outcomes Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 371 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse events · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Overall communication skills Different scales used by different studies: total scores vary across communication items or average score on a Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1578 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Empathy Different scales used by different studies: average empathy score across several items or average score on a 5‐ to 9‐point Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 421 participants | Low |