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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
729 questions in 45 reviews · Consumers and Communication
current versionsNo studies 188 · 25.8%Ungraded 93 · 12.8%Very low 155 · 21.3%Low 189 · 25.9%Moderate 90 · 12.3%High 14 · 1.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Patient decision aids vs usual care Congruence between informed values and choice ‐ all studies Based on the proportion of participants who made a decision that aligned with what was most important to them. Assessed soon after exposure to the decision aid. · adults considering treatment or screening decisions Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.75 [1.44, 2.13] | 21 studies · 9377 participants | Moderate |
Patient decision aids vs usual care Knowledge ‐ all studies Standardized on a scale from 0 (no knowledge) to 100 (perfect knowledge). Assessed soon after exposure to the decision aid. · adults considering treatment or screening decisions Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 107 studies · 25492 participants | High |
Patient decision aids vs usual care Accurate risk perceptions ‐ all studies Based on the accuracy of perceived outcome probabilities according to the percentage of individuals whose judgments corresponded to the scientific evidence about the chances of an outcome for similar people.... · adults considering treatment or screening decisions Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.94 [1.61, 2.34] | 25 studies · 7796 participants | High |
Patient decision aids vs usual care Decisional conflict: uninformed subscale ‐ all studies Standardized on a scale from 0 (informed) to 100 (uninformed). Assessed soon after exposure to the decision aid. · adults considering treatment or screening decisions Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 58 studies · 12104 participants | High |
Patient decision aids vs usual care Decisional conflict: unclear about personal values subscale ‐ all studies Standardized on a scale from 0 (clear) to 100 (unclear). Assessed soon after exposure to the decision aid. · adults considering treatment or screening decisions Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 55 studies · 11880 participants | High |
Patient decision aids vs usual care Participation in decision‐making: clinician‐controlled decision‐making ‐ all studies Based on the proportion of participants who indicated a passive role in decision‐making where the decision was primarily made by the clinician. Assessed soon afte... · adults considering treatment or screening decisions Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.59, 0.88] | 21 studies · 4348 participants | High |
Patient decision aids vs usual care Adverse events: decision regret ‐ all studies Standardized on a scale from 0 (no regret) to 100 (high regret). Assessed weeks to months after the decision is made. · adults considering treatment or screening decisions Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 22 studies · 3707 participants | High |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs no health literacy intervention Outcome category – outcome(s)* · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs written information on the same topic Outcome category – outcome(s)* · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs written information on the same topic Health literacy – Time point a: short‐term (immediately post‐intervention)*** (1) Any generic health literacy Multiple outcomes assessed and multiple measures used: Health numeracy (NVS, score · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 209 participants | Moderate |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs written information on the same topic Quality of life – Diabetes‐related quality of life standardised on score 0 (no quality of life) to 100 (perfect quality of life) Time point: short‐term (immediately post‐intervention) · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 288 participants | Very low |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs written information on the same topic Health‐related knowledge – Time point a: short‐term (immediately post‐intervention) Any health‐related knowledge standardised on score 0 (no knowledge) to 100 (perfect knowledge) Time point b: medium‐term (up to 6 months post‐intervention) Any hea... · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1101 participants | Low |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs written information on the same topic Health outcome – Any depression Time point a: short‐term (immediately post‐intervention) Multiple measures used: PHQ‐9K (score · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 555 participants | Very low |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs written information on the same topic Health behaviour – Multiple outcomes assessed and multiple measures used Time point a: short‐term (immediately post‐intervention) (1) Diabetes self‐care activities SDSCA (score · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 797 participants | Low |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs written information on the same topic Self‐efficacy – Self‐efficacy to manage one's disease Time point a: short‐term (immediately post‐intervention) Multiple measures used: Adapted Stanford Chronic Disease Self‐Efficacy Scale (score · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 552 participants | Moderate |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs written information on the same topic Health service use – not reported · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs written information on the same topic Adverse events – not reported · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally adapted health literacy skills building course vs no/unrelated health literacy intervention Outcome category – outcome(s)* · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs no health literacy intervention Health literacy – Disease‐specific health literacy · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 69 participants | Low |
Culturally adapted health literacy skills building course vs no/unrelated health literacy intervention Health literacy – Time point a: short‐term (up to 1 month post‐intervention)*** (1) Any generic functional health literacy Multiple measures used: TOFHLA (score range 0 to 100) NVS (score range 0 to 6) Higher score is better (2) Disease‐specific h... · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 229 participants | Low |
Culturally adapted health literacy skills building course vs no/unrelated health literacy intervention Quality of life – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally adapted health literacy skills building course vs no/unrelated health literacy intervention Health‐related knowledge – Time point a: short‐term (up to 1 month post‐intervention) Any health‐related knowledge standardised on score 0 (no knowledge) to 100 (perfect knowledge) Time point b: medium‐term (6 months post‐intervention) Multiple me... · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 111 participants | Low |
Culturally adapted health literacy skills building course vs no/unrelated health literacy intervention Health outcome – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally adapted health literacy skills building course vs no/unrelated health literacy intervention Health behaviour – Time point a: short‐term (up to 1 month post‐intervention) Multiple outcomes assessed and multiple measures used: (1) Fat‐related dietary habits Fat‐Related Diet Habits Questionnaire (score · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 229 participants | Low |
Culturally adapted health literacy skills building course vs no/unrelated health literacy intervention Self‐efficacy – Self‐efficacy to change one's diet · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 290 participants | Very low |
Culturally adapted health literacy skills building course vs no/unrelated health literacy intervention Health service use – not reported · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally adapted health literacy skills building course vs no/unrelated health literacy intervention Adverse events – not reported · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted telephone education vs unrelated health literacy intervention Outcome category – outcome(s)* · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted telephone education vs unrelated health literacy intervention Health literacy – (1) Appraising health information · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 431 participants | Moderate |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs no health literacy intervention Quality of life · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted telephone education vs unrelated health literacy intervention Quality of life – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted telephone education vs unrelated health literacy intervention Health‐related knowledge – Prostate cancer knowledge Standardised on score 0 (no knowledge) to 100 (perfect knowledge) Time point: long‐term (approx. 7 months post‐intervention) · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 431 participants | Moderate |
Culturally and literacy adapted telephone education vs unrelated health literacy intervention Health outcome – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted telephone education vs unrelated health literacy intervention Health behaviour – PSA testing · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.82, 1.07] | 1 study · 490 participants | Moderate |
Culturally and literacy adapted telephone education vs unrelated health literacy intervention Self‐efficacy – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted telephone education vs unrelated health literacy intervention Health service use – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted telephone education vs unrelated health literacy intervention Adverse events – Anxiety · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 431 participants | Moderate |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs no health literacy intervention Outcome category – outcome(s)* · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs no health literacy intervention Health literacy – (1) Depression literacy · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 202 participants | Moderate |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs no health literacy intervention Quality of life – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs no health literacy intervention Health‐related knowledge – Multiple measures used: (1)Diabetes knowledge subset of ADKnowl, adapted version, score · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 321 participants | Low |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs no health literacy intervention Health‐related knowledge – Any health‐related knowledge standardised on score 0 (no knowledge) to 100 (perfect knowledge) Time point: short‐term (up to 1 month post‐intervention) · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 293 participants | Low |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs no health literacy intervention Health outcome ‐ Depression Multiple measures used: PHQ‐8 (score · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 337 participants | Low |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs no health literacy intervention Health behaviour – Child's up‐to‐date immunisation · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.91, 1.25] | 1 study · 135 participants | Moderate |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs no health literacy intervention Self‐efficacy – Self‐efficacy to identify need for treatmentfor depression · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 133 participants | Low |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs no health literacy intervention Health service use – Child's emergency room visits · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 157 participants | Moderate |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs no health literacy intervention Adverse events – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs written information on the same topic Outcome category – outcome(s)* · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs written information on the same topic Health literacy – Time point a: short‐term (up to 1 month post‐intervention)*** (1) Diabetes health literacy · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 240 participants | Moderate |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs written information on the same topic Quality of life – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |