Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

309 questions · 325 findings · 45 reviews · Acute Respiratory Infections

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No studies found 38 · 11.7%GRADE not reported 31 · 9.5%Very low 54 · 16.6%Low 78 · 24%Moderate 106 · 32.6%High 18 · 5.5%

Shared decision‐making (all components) vs usual care

Antibiotics prescribed or dispensed (12 months or greater) · antibiotic use in acute respiratory infections

Shared decision making showed no clear difference in antibiotics prescribed or dispensed (12 months or greater) compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to facilitate shared decision making to address antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections in… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.74 [0.49, 1.11]
3 studies · 481588 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Failure to recover by day 7 (complete resolution of all symptoms) ‐ liquid preparation · adults with acute bronchitis

The intervention may leads to lower failure to recover by day 7 (complete resolution of all symptoms) ‐… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pelargonium sidoides extract for treating acute respiratory tract infections 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.66 [0.52, 0.83]
2 studies · 341 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Failure to recover by day 7 (complete resolution of all symptoms) ‐ tablet preparation · adults with acute bronchitis

The intervention may leads to lower failure to recover by day 7 (complete resolution of all symptoms) ‐… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pelargonium sidoides extract for treating acute respiratory tract infections 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.91, 0.99]
1 study · 405 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Failure to recover by day 7 (complete resolution of all symptoms) ‐ liquid preparation · children with acute bronchitis

The intervention may leads to lower failure to recover by day 7 (complete resolution of all symptoms) ‐… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pelargonium sidoides extract for treating acute respiratory tract infections 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.77, 0.88]
2 studies · 420 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Failure to recover by day 7 (complete resolution of all symptoms) ‐ tablet preparation · children with acute bronchitis

The intervention showed no clear difference in failure to recover by day 7 (complete resolution of all symptoms) ‐… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pelargonium sidoides extract for treating acute respiratory tract infections 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.89, 1.03]
1 study · 399 participants
Low

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine

CRM197‐PCV7in low‐risk infants · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
6
2 studies · 39530 participants
Moderate

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine

CRM197‐PCV7in high‐risk infants · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 944 participants
Low

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine

OMPC‐PCV7in low‐risk infants · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 1666 participants
Low

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine

PHiD‐CV10in low‐risk infants · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
6
2 studies · 12454 participants
Low

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine

PHiD‐CV11in low‐risk infants · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
34
1 study · 4968 participants
Moderate

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine

Adverse effects · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine

CRM197‐PCV7in low‐risk infants OMPC‐PCV7in low‐risk infants PHiD‐PC10 and PHiD‐PC11 in low‐risk infants CRM197‐PCV7/9 and CRM197‐PCV7 plus TIVin older children · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 77389 participants
High

Rapid test (with and without scoring system combined) vs clinical grounds (with and without scoring system combined) to guide antibiotic prescriptions

Number of participants with an antibiotic dispensed · patients with sore throat

1 finding from 1 review

Efficacy and safety of rapid tests to guide antibiotic prescriptions for sore throat 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 900 participants
Low

Rapid test (with and without scoring system combined) vs clinical grounds (with and without scoring system combined) to guide antibiotic prescriptions

Number of participants with a complication attributed to the index infectionÂ · patients with sore throat

1 finding from 1 review

Efficacy and safety of rapid tests to guide antibiotic prescriptions for sore throat 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 2075 participants
Very low

Rapid test (with and without scoring system combined) vs clinical grounds (with and without scoring system combined) to guide antibiotic prescriptions

Number of participants in need of re‐consultation by the end of · patients with sore throat

1 finding from 1 review

Efficacy and safety of rapid tests to guide antibiotic prescriptions for sore throat 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 1161 participants
Low

Xylitol vs control

Final diagnosis of at least one episode of AOM · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age

Xylitol probably leads to lower final diagnosis of at least one episode of AOM compared with control (moderate certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.75 [0.65, 0.88]
3 studies · 1826 participants
Moderate
Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.9 [0.67, 1.21]
1 study · 326 participants
Low
Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.13 [0.83, 1.53]
1 study · 1253 participants
Moderate

Xylitol vs control

Antibiotic administration ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age

1 finding from 1 review

Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Xylitol vs control

Hospitalisation ‐ not reported · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age

3 findings from 1 review

Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Xylitol vs control

Mortality ‐ not reported · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age

3 findings from 1 review

Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Xylitol vs control

Number of days missed at school or daycare ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age

3 findings from 1 review

Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported