Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

537 questions · 560 findings · 45 reviews · Common Mental Disorders

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No studies found 105 · 18.8%GRADE not reported 8 · 1.4%Very low 170 · 30.4%Low 153 · 27.3%Moderate 94 · 16.8%High 30 · 5.4%

Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo

Outcomes (2‐6 months post‐treatment) · adults with panic disorder

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo

Failure to respond at endpoint (6‐12 weeks) · adults with panic disorder

Tricyclic antidepressants probably leads to lower failure to respond compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.73 [0.63, 0.86]
9 studies · 829 participants
Moderate

Azapirone vs placebo

Rate of 'response' · adults with panic disorder

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Azapirones versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Azapirone vs placebo

Leaving the study early · adults with panic disorder

Azapirone probably leads to higher dropouts for any reason compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Azapirones versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.13 [1.11, 4.07]
3 studies · 170 participants
Moderate

Azapirone vs placebo

Anxiety · adults with panic disorder

1 finding from 1 review

Azapirones versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 115 participants
Low

Azapirone vs placebo

Agoraphobia Phobia scale · adults with panic disorder

1 finding from 1 review

Azapirones versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 52 participants
Low

Azapirone vs placebo

Depression rating scale score · adults with panic disorder

1 finding from 1 review

Azapirones versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 52 participants
Low

Response rates Number of participants showing a reduction of at least 50% on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale for Depression, the Montgomery‐Asberg Depression Rating Scale or any other depression scale · adults with Major Depressive Disorder

Amitriptyline probably leads to higher response to treatment At least 50% reduction of a depression scale… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Amitriptyline versus placebo for major depressive disorder 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.64 [2.28, 3.06]
31 studies · 3228 participants
Moderate

Amitriptyline vs placebo

Death due to suicide · adults with Major Depressive Disorder

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Amitriptyline versus placebo for major depressive disorder 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Amitriptyline vs placebo

Quality of life · adults with Major Depressive Disorder

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Amitriptyline versus placebo for major depressive disorder 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Amitriptyline vs placebo

Acceptability of treatment Drop‐out for any reason · adults with Major Depressive Disorder

It is very uncertain whether amitriptyline changes acceptability of treatment Drop‐out for any reason compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Amitriptyline versus placebo for major depressive disorder 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.71 [0.55, 0.93]
24 studies · 2400 participants
Very low

Amitriptyline vs placebo

Adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects4) · adults with Major Depressive Disorder

Amitriptyline probably leads to higher overall tolerability Drop‐out due to adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Amitriptyline versus placebo for major depressive disorder 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 4.15 [2.71, 6.35]
19 studies · 2174 participants
Moderate

Escitalopram vs placebo

Severity of PTSD symptoms ‐ Clinician‐rated · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms

1 finding from 1 review

Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 23 participants
Very low

Hydrocortisone vs placebo

Quality of life at 3 months · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms

1 finding from 1 review

Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 43 participants
Very low

Escitalopram vs placebo

Dropouts due to adverse events · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms

1 finding from 1 review

Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 31 participants
Very low

Escitalopram vs placebo

PTSD rate at 3 months · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms

It is very uncertain whether escitalopram changes PTSD rate at 3 months compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.59 [0.03, 13.08]
1 study · 23 participants
Very low

Escitalopram vs placebo

Functional disability at 3 months ‐ not measured · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Escitalopram vs placebo

Quality of life at 3 months ‐ not measured · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Hydrocortisone vs placebo

Severity of PTSD symptoms ‐ Clinician‐rated · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms

1 finding from 1 review

Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 136 participants
Very low

Hydrocortisone vs placebo

Dropouts due to adverse events · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms

Hydrocortisone showed no clear difference in dropouts due to adverse events at 3 months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.19 [0.13, 75.43]
2 studies · 182 participants
Low