Perineal redness, oedema, bruising, discharge, wound gaping 24 ‐ 48 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal pain at six weeks postpartum · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period
1 finding from 1 review
Infection rate at 2 weeks postpartum ‐ perineal wound infection in third‐ or fourth‐degree tear · Women with third‐ and fourth‐degree perineal tear during vaginal birth
Antibiotic prophylaxis probably leads to lower infection rate at 2 weeks postpartum ‐ perineal wound infection in… compared with no treatment (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Infection rate at 6 weeks postpartum ‐ perineal wound infection in third‐ or fourth‐degree tear · Women with third‐ and fourth‐degree perineal tear during vaginal birth
Antibiotic prophylaxis showed no clear difference in infection rate at 6 weeks postpartum ‐ perineal wound infection in… compared with no treatment (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma requiring suturing · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications
It is very uncertain whether massage changes perineal trauma requiring suturing compared with control (hands off or care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
1st degree perineal tear · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications
It is very uncertain whether massage changes 1st degree perineal tear compared with control (hands off or care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
2nd degree tear · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications
It is very uncertain whether massage changes 2nd degree perineal tear compared with control (hands off or care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma requiring suturing · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma requiring suturing · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma requiring suturing · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications
It is very uncertain whether warm compresses changes perineal trauma requiring suturing compared with control (hands off or no warm compress) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Perineal trauma · pregnant women (women with pre‐existing type 1 or type 2 diabetes are NOT included)
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes perineal trauma (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma · women with gestational diabetes mellitus
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Severe perineal tears (3rd degree or higher, as defined by trialists) · fetal malposition in labour
It is very uncertain whether lateral postures changes severe perineal tears (3rd degree or higher, as defined by trialists) compared with other postures (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Severe perineal tears (3rd degree or higher, as defined by trialists) · fetal malposition in labour
It is very uncertain whether hands and knees posture changes severe perineal tears (3rd degree or higher, as defined by trialists) compared with other postures (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth
It is very uncertain whether low‐cavity forceps changes third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) compared with any vacuum cup (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth
Soft cup showed no clear difference in third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) compared with rigid cup (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth
Handheld vacuum showed no clear difference in third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) compared with any vacuum cup (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth
Any type of forceps may leads to higher third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) compared with any type of vacuum cup (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma · preventing gestational diabetes
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Infected episiotomy/laceration (superficial perineal wound infection) № of participants: 3420 (1 RCT) · Women undergoing operative vaginal delivery
Any antibiotics leads to lower infected episiotomy/laceration (superficial perineal wound… compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.53 [0.4, 0.69]
Studies not reported
High