Immediate antibiotics showed no clear difference in pain ‐ Pain at 3 to 7 days compared with expectant observation (moderate certainty).
Other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics showed no clear difference in deaths compared with placebo (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics changes cardiac disorders compared with placebo (very low certainty).
Other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics showed no clear difference in hearing loss compared with placebo (low certainty).
Other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics may leads to higher taste disturbance compared with placebo (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics changes hepatobiliary disorders compared with placebo (very low certainty).
Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics probably leads to higher gastrointestinal disorders not otherwise specified compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics may leads to higher abdominal pain compared with placebo (low certainty).
Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics may leads to higher diarrhoea compared with placebo (low certainty).
Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics probably leads to higher nausea compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics probably leads to higher vomiting compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) probably leads to lower antibiotics used by patients compared with usual care (moderate certainty).
Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) may leads to lower antibiotics prescribed by clinicians compared with usual care (low certainty).
Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) plus… may leads to higher antibiotics prescribed by clinicians compared with prescribing feedback alone (low certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
Homeopathic medicinal products (individualised treatment) showed no clear difference in need for antibiotics compared with placebo or usual care (low certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics probably leads to lower number of participants who used prescribed antibiotics for acute URTIs compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).
Probiotic probably leads to lower difference in the use of antibiotics compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
Influenza vaccine probably leads to lower courses of antibiotics compared with control (moderate certainty).