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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Oxytocin + ergometrine vs ergot alkaloids Third stage > 30 minutes · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin + ergometrine vs ergot alkaloids Diastolic blood pressure > 100 mm Hg between delivery of the baby and discharge from the labour ward · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin vs no uterotonics or placebo Maternal all‐cause mortality · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin vs no uterotonics or placebo Blood loss 1000 mL or more after delivery · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.42, 0.83] | 5 studies · 4123 participants | Low |
Oxytocin vs no uterotonics or placebo Blood transfusion · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.44, 1.78] | 3 studies · 3081 participants | Low |
Oxytocin vs no uterotonics or placebo Third stage greater than 30 minutes · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.55 [0.88, 7.44] | 1 study · 1947 participants | Moderate |
Oxytocin vs no uterotonics or placebo Diastolic blood pressure > 100 mm Hg between delivery of the baby and discharge from the labour ward · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin vs ergot alkaloids Blood loss 500 mL or more after delivery · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.56, 1.25] | 10 studies · 3082 participants | Very low |
Oxytocin vs ergot alkaloids Need for additional uterotonics · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.43, 1.81] | 8 studies · 2178 participants | Very low |
Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo Complete miscarriage · early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) (2019) · Cochrane | RR 4.23 [3.01, 5.94] | 5 studies · 305 participants | Low |
Vaginal misoprostol vs surgical evacuation of uterus Nausea · early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) (2019) · Cochrane | RR 21.85 [1.31, 364.37] | 1 study · 154 participants | Low |
Vaginal misoprostol vs surgical evacuation of uterus Diarrhoea · early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) (2019) · Cochrane | RR 40.85 [2.52, 662.57] | 1 study · 154 participants | Low |
Vaginal misoprostol vs surgical evacuation of uterus Blood loss: post‐treatment haematocrit (%) · early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Vaginal misoprostol vs surgical evacuation of uterus Pain relief · early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 | 1 study · 154 participants | Low |
Vaginal misoprostol vs surgical evacuation of uterus Woman’s satisfaction/acceptability of method · early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.4, 1.11] | 1 study · 45 participants | Low |
Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo Pelvic infection · early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo Nausea · early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [0.43, 4.4] | 2 studies · 88 participants | Low |
Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo Diarrhoea · early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.21 [0.35, 14.06] | 2 studies · 88 participants | Low |
Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo Blood loss: haemoglobin difference > 10 g/L · early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.38, 4.12] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo Pain (opiate use) · early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) (2019) · Cochrane | RR 5 [0.25, 101.11] | 1 study · 84 participants | Very low |
Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo Woman’s satisfaction/acceptability of method · early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.83, 1.64] | 1 study · 32 participants | Low |
Vaginal misoprostol vs surgical evacuation of uterus Complete miscarriage · early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.32, 0.5] | 6 studies · 943 participants | Low |
Vaginal misoprostol vs surgical evacuation of uterus Pelvic infection · early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.39, 1.37] | 1 study · 618 participants | Low |
DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping vs ECC (subgroup analysis by gestation) Death of baby (up to discharge) · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.54, 0.98] | 20 studies · 2680 participants | Moderate |
DCC with immediate neonatal care with cord intact vs ECC Severe intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH grades 3, 4) · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.29, 2.45] | 1 study · 266 participants | Low |
DCC with immediate neonatal care with cord intact vs ECC Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH, all grades) · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.64, 1.26] | 1 study · 266 participants | Low |
DCC with immediate neonatal care with cord intact vs ECC Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.32, 2.31] | 1 study · 266 participants | Low |
DCC with immediate neonatal care with cord intact vs ECC Chronic lung disease (CLD) ‐ oxygen supplement at 36 weeks (corrected for gestation) · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.66, 1.37] | 1 study · 249 participants | Low |
DCC with immediate neonatal care with cord intact vs ECC Maternal blood loss of 500 mL or greater · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.72, 1.22] | 1 study · 254 participants | Low |
DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping vs UCM Death of baby (up to discharge) · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.14 [0.93, 4.93] | 3 studies · 322 participants | Low |
DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping vs UCM Death or neurodevelopmental impairment at age 2 to 3 years · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [0.78, 3.57] | 2 studies · 195 participants | Very low |
DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping vs UCM Severe intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH grades 3, 4) · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.63 [0.11, 61.88] | 1 study · 58 participants | Low |
DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping vs UCM Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH, all grades) · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.55, 3.17] | 2 studies · 125 participants | Very low |
DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping vs UCM Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 58 participants | Low |
DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping vs ECC (subgroup analysis by gestation) Death or neurodevelopmental impairment in early years · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping vs UCM Chronic lung disease (CLD) ‐ oxygen supplement at 36 weeks (corrected for gestation) · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.53 [0.43, 5.48] | 2 studies · 125 participants | Low |
DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping vs UCM Maternal blood loss of 500 mL or greater · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
UCM vs ECC Death of baby (up to discharge) · babies born preterm, and their mothers. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.47, 1.41] | 9 studies · 931 participants | Low |
UCM vs ECC Death or neurodevelopmental impairment at age 2 to 3 years · babies born preterm, and their mothers. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
UCM vs ECC Severe intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH grades 3, 4) · babies born preterm, and their mothers. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.39, 1.45] | 6 studies · 618 participants | Low |
UCM vs ECC Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH, all grades) · babies born preterm, and their mothers. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.62, 1.18] | 8 studies · 716 participants | Moderate |
UCM vs ECC Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) · babies born preterm, and their mothers. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.15, 2.63] | 3 studies · 315 participants | Low |
UCM vs ECC Chronic lung disease (CLD) ‐ oxygen supplement at 36 weeks (corrected for gestation) · babies born preterm, and their mothers. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.64, 1.66] | 7 studies · 682 participants | Low |
UCM vs ECC Maternal blood loss of 500 mL or greater · babies born preterm, and their mothers. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 200 participants | Low |
DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping vs ECC (subgroup analysis by gestation) Severe intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH grades 3, 4) · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.63, 1.39] | 10 studies · 2058 participants | Low |
DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping vs ECC (subgroup analysis by gestation) Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH, all grades) · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.7, 0.99] | 15 studies · 2333 participants | High |
DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping vs ECC (subgroup analysis by gestation) Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.26, 1.3] | 4 studies · 1544 participants | Low |
DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping vs ECC (subgroup analysis by gestation) Chronic lung disease (CLD) ‐ oxygen supplement at 36 weeks (corrected for gestation) · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.94, 1.14] | 6 studies · 1644 participants | High |
DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping vs ECC (subgroup analysis by gestation) Maternal blood loss of 500 mL or greater · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.07, 17.63] | 2 studies · 180 participants | Very low |
DCC with immediate neonatal care with cord intact vs ECC Death of baby (up to discharge) · babies born preterm, and their mothers Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.2, 1.11] | 1 study · 270 participants | Low |