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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

Comparison

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Review versions

2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant

current versions

No studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Intervention NR Exit‐site infection · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Exit‐site bleeding · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.7 [0.03, 16.81]	1 study · 122 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Tunnel tract infection · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Peritonitis · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Catheter readjustment · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Potassium binder vs placebo Death (any cause) · people with CKD (including haemodialysis) Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.69 [0.11, 4.32]	4 studies · 688 participants	Very low
Calcium polystyrene sulphonate (CPS) vs sodium polystyrene sulphonate (SPS) HRQoL · people with CKD Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Calcium polystyrene sulphonate (CPS) vs sodium polystyrene sulphonate (SPS) Serum potassium · people with CKD Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 117 participants	Low
Calcium polystyrene sulphonate (CPS) vs sodium polystyrene sulphonate (SPS) Constipation · people with CKD Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.7 [0.26, 1.88]	1 study · 97 participants	Low
High vs with low‐dose potassium binder Death (any cause; sudden death) · people with CKD Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.94 [0.18, 21.08]	1 study · 203 participants	Low
High vs with low‐dose potassium binder Cardiovascular death · people with CKD Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
High vs with low‐dose potassium binder Cardiac arrhythmia · people with CKD Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
High vs with low‐dose potassium binder HRQoL · people with CKD Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
High vs with low‐dose potassium binder Serum potassium · people with CKD Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
High vs with low‐dose potassium binder Constipation · people with CKD Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.46 [0.54, 3.94]	1 study · 203 participants	Low
Potassium binder vs placebo Cardiovascular death (newer agents) · people with CKD (including haemodialysis) Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 3.06 [0.13, 74.24]	1 study · 196 participants	Very low
Potassium binder vs placebo Cardiac arrhythmia · people with CKD (including haemodialysis) Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Potassium binder vs placebo HRQoL · people with CKD (including haemodialysis) Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 289 participants	Very low
Potassium binder vs placebo Serum potassium · people with CKD (including haemodialysis) Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 277 participants	Low
Potassium binder vs placebo Constipation · people with CKD (including haemodialysis) Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.58 [0.71, 3.52]	4 studies · 425 participants	Very low
Calcium polystyrene sulphonate (CPS) vs sodium polystyrene sulphonate (SPS) Death (any cause) · people with CKD Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Calcium polystyrene sulphonate (CPS) vs sodium polystyrene sulphonate (SPS) Cardiovascular death · people with CKD Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Calcium polystyrene sulphonate (CPS) vs sodium polystyrene sulphonate (SPS) Cardiac arrhythmia · people with CKD Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Antibiotics vs no antibiotics Surgical site infections* Time frame: 2 to 6 weeks · solid organ transplant recipients Perioperative antibiotics for preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.42 [0.21, 0.85]	5 studies · 226 participants	Very low
Extended vs short duration antibiotics Surgical site infections: liver transplant recipients Time frame: 30 days · preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients Perioperative antibiotics for preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.31 [0.61, 2.81]	1 study · 97 participants	Very low
Extended vs short duration antibiotics Death (any cause) Time frame: 30 days · preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients Perioperative antibiotics for preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.2 [0.01, 3.98]	1 study · 97 participants	Very low
Extended vs short duration antibiotics Graft loss (including death with functioning graft) Time frame: 30 days · preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients Perioperative antibiotics for preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.49, 2]	2 studies · 302 participants	Very low
Extended vs short duration antibiotics Other infection: UTI Time frame: 30 days · preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients Perioperative antibiotics for preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.49 [0.13, 1.85]	1 study · 97 participants	Very low
Extended vs short duration antibiotics Other infection: septicaemia Time frame: 30 days · preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients Perioperative antibiotics for preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.9 [0.51, 1.58]	2 studies · 302 participants	Very low
Extended vs short duration antibiotics Other infection: pneumonia Time frame: 30 days · preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients Perioperative antibiotics for preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane	RR 10.78 [0.61, 189.77]	1 study · 97 participants	Very low
Extended vs short duration antibiotics Adverse reactions · preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients Perioperative antibiotics for preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Antibiotics vs no antibiotics Death (any case) Time frame: 2 to 4 weeks · solid organ transplant recipients Perioperative antibiotics for preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.27 [0.02, 3.69]	2 studies · 87 participants	Very low
Antibiotics vs no antibiotics Graft loss (including death with functioning graft) Time frame: 2 weeks · solid organ transplant recipients Perioperative antibiotics for preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane	RR 2.89 [0.12, 67.96]	1 study · 53 participants	Very low
Antibiotics vs no antibiotics Other infection: UTI Time frame: 2 to 6 weeks · solid organ transplant recipients Perioperative antibiotics for preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.88 [0.68, 1.14]	3 studies · 150 participants	Very low
Antibiotics vs no antibiotics Other infection: septicaemia Time frame: 2 to 6 weeks · solid organ transplant recipients Perioperative antibiotics for preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.5 [0.11, 2.19]	2 studies · 90 participants	Very low
Antibiotics vs no antibiotics Other infection: pneumonia Time frame: up to 6 weeks · solid organ transplant recipients Perioperative antibiotics for preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.53 [0.21, 1.32]	1 study · 37 participants	Very low
Antibiotics vs no antibiotics Adverse reactions · solid organ transplant recipients Perioperative antibiotics for preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Extended vs short duration antibiotics Surgical site infections* (all) Time frame: 30 days · preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients Perioperative antibiotics for preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.19 [0.58, 2.48]	2 studies · 302 participants	Very low
Extended vs short duration antibiotics Surgical site infections: kidney transplant recipients Time frame: 30 days · preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients Perioperative antibiotics for preventing post‐surgical site infections in solid organ transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.5 [0.05, 5.48]	1 study · 205 participants	Very low
Antibiotic prophylaxis vs surveillance or no treatment Symptomatic UTI by 1 to 2 years: antibiotics versus no prophylaxis · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.77 [0.54, 1.09]	9 studies · 1667 participants	Low
Surgical reimplantation of ureters plus antibiotics vs antibiotics alone New renal parenchymal defects (scars and thinning) on IVP: unit of analysis (children) at 4 to 5 years: surgical correction + antibiotics versus antibiotics alone · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.09 [0.79, 1.49]	4 studies · 572 participants	Moderate
Surgical reimplantation of ureters plus antibiotics vs antibiotics alone ESKD · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.07 [0.23, 5.04]	2 studies · 154 participants	Very low
Surgical reimplantation of ureters plus antibiotics vs antibiotics alone Hypertension · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.25, 3.42]	2 studies · 154 participants	Very low
Surgical reimplantation of ureters plus antibiotics vs antibiotics alone Correction of VUR: unit of analysis (children) after 3 years: surgical correction + antibiotics versus antibiotics alone · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.29 [0.55, 3.05]	1 study · 55 participants	Very low
Surgical reimplantation of ureters plus antibiotics vs antibiotics alone Number of UTI with microbial resistance (resistant organisms) · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Endoscopic injection treatment vs antibiotics alone All symptomatic UTI by 1 to 2 years: endoscopic correction + antibiotics versus antibiotics alone · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.8 [0.37, 1.75]	3 studies · 254 participants	Low
Endoscopic injection treatment vs antibiotics alone Febrile UTI by 1 to 2 years: endoscopic correction + antibiotics versus antibiotics alone · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.74 [0.31, 1.78]	3 studies · 254 participants	Low
Endoscopic injection treatment vs antibiotics alone Repeat positive urine culture by 1 year · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 7.15 [0.42, 121.04]	1 study · 60 participants	Very low
Endoscopic injection treatment vs antibiotics alone Total new and progressive Renal parenchymal abnormalities on DMSA scan at 1 to 2 years: endoscopic correction + antibiotics versus antibiotics alone (unit of analysis: children) · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.2 [0.36, 3.96]	2 studies · 208 participants	Low
Endoscopic injection treatment vs antibiotics alone Resolution of VUR (grade 0) for endoscopic correction + antibiotics versus antibiotics alone (unit of analysis: children) · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 2.69 [1.57, 4.63]	2 studies · 164 participants	Low