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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,518 questions in 135 reviews · Infectious Diseases
current versionsNo studies 135 · 8.9%Ungraded 150 · 9.9%Very low 350 · 23.1%Low 420 · 27.7%Moderate 321 · 21.1%High 142 · 9.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Fluoroquinolone plus standard regimen vs standard regimen alone Relapse · Patients with presumed drug‐sensitive TB Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis (presumed drug‐sensitive) (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Fluoroquinolone substitution for isoniazid in a standard six month regimen vs standard regimen Serious adverse events · Patients with presumed drug‐sensitive TB Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis (presumed drug‐sensitive) (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.43, 2.8] | 1 study · 433 participants | Low |
Fluoroquinolone substitution for isoniazid in a standard six month regimen vs standard regimen One or more adverse event · Patients with presumed drug‐sensitive TB Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis (presumed drug‐sensitive) (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Fluoroquinolone plus standard regimen vs standard regimen alone Death from any cause · Patients with presumed drug‐sensitive TB Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis (presumed drug‐sensitive) (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.27 [0.03, 2.47] | 1 study · 174 participants | Very low |
Fluoroquinolone plus standard regimen vs standard regimen alone TB‐related death · Patients with presumed drug‐sensitive TB Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis (presumed drug‐sensitive) (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.05, 12.4] | 1 study · 174 participants | Very low |
Fluoroquinolone plus standard regimen vs standard regimen alone Sputum culture conversion at 8 weeks · Patients with presumed drug‐sensitive TB Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis (presumed drug‐sensitive) (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.91, 1.07] | 1 study · 174 participants | Very low |
Fluoroquinolone plus standard regimen vs standard regimen alone Serious adverse events · Patients with presumed drug‐sensitive TB Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis (presumed drug‐sensitive) (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.4, 1.78] | 1 study · 174 participants | Very low |
Fluoroquinolone plus standard regimen vs standard regimen alone One or more adverse event · Patients with presumed drug‐sensitive TB Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis (presumed drug‐sensitive) (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.52, 1.92] | 1 study · 174 participants | Very low |
Fluoroquinolone substitution for ethambutol in a standard six month regimen vs standard regimen Treatment failure · Patients with presumed drug‐sensitive TB Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis (presumed drug‐sensitive) (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Fluoroquinolone substitution for ethambutol in a standard six month regimen vs standard regimen Relapse · Patients with presumed drug‐sensitive TB Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis (presumed drug‐sensitive) (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.17, 3.06] | 1 study · 170 participants | Very low |
Lactose‐free vs lactose‐containing milk, milk products, or foodstuffs Duration of diarrhoea (hours) · Young children with acute diarrhoea Lactose avoidance for young children with acute diarrhoea (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 1467 participants | Low |
Lactose‐free vs lactose‐containing milk, milk products, or foodstuffs Treatment failure · Young children with acute diarrhoea Lactose avoidance for young children with acute diarrhoea (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.39, 0.68] | 18 studies · 1470 participants | Moderate |
Lactose‐free vs lactose‐containing milk, milk products, or foodstuffs Need for hospitalization · Young children with acute diarrhoea Lactose avoidance for young children with acute diarrhoea (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.09, 6.65] | 1 study · 83 participants | Very low |
Diluted (by at least 50%) vs undiluted lactose‐containing milk, milk products, or foodstuffs Duration of diarrhoea (hours) · Young children with acute diarrhoea Lactose avoidance for young children with acute diarrhoea (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 471 participants | Low |
Diluted (by at least 50%) vs undiluted lactose‐containing milk, milk products, or foodstuffs Treatment failure · Young children with acute diarrhoea Lactose avoidance for young children with acute diarrhoea (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.45, 0.94] | 9 studies · 687 participants | Low |
Diluted (by at least 50%) vs undiluted lactose‐containing milk, milk products, or foodstuffs Need for hospitalization · Young children with acute diarrhoea Lactose avoidance for young children with acute diarrhoea (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Probiotic vs placebo Duration of diarrhoea days · Children with persistent diarrhoea Probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 324 participants | Moderate |
Probiotic vs placebo Stool frequency on day 5 · Children with persistent diarrhoea Probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 327 participants | Low |
Probiotic vs placebo Hospital stay days · Children with persistent diarrhoea Probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 235 participants | Moderate |
Probiotic vs placebo Death from any cause ‐ not measured · Children with persistent diarrhoea Probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotic vs placebo Weight‐for‐age z score ‐ not measured · Children with persistent diarrhoea Probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Rifampicin vs isoniazid Active TB · HIV‐negative people at risk of TB infection1 Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.47, 1.4] | 1 study · 332 participants | Very low |
Rifampicin plus pyrazinamide vs isoniazid Adherence · HIV‐negative people at risk of TB infection1 Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.86, 1.29] | 4 studies · 700 participants | Very low |
Rifampicin plus pyrazinamide vs isoniazid Treatment‐limiting adverse events · HIV‐negative people at risk of TB infection1 Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 3.61 [1.82, 7.19] | 2 studies · 368 participants | High |
Rifampicin plus pyrazinamide vs isoniazid Hepatotoxicity · HIV‐negative people at risk of TB infection1 Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 4.59 [2.14, 9.85] | 3 studies · 540 participants | Moderate |
Rifapentine plus isoniazid weekly vs isoniazid daily Active TB · HIV‐negative people at risk of TB infection1 Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.18, 1.07] | 1 study · 7731 participants | Moderate |
Rifapentine plus isoniazid weekly vs isoniazid daily Adherence · HIV‐negative people at risk of TB infection1 Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [1.16, 1.22] | 1 study · 7731 participants | Moderate |
Rifapentine plus isoniazid weekly vs isoniazid daily Treatment‐limiting adverse events · HIV‐negative people at risk of TB infection1 Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [1.07, 1.64] | 1 study · 7731 participants | Moderate |
Rifapentine plus isoniazid weekly vs isoniazid daily Hepatotoxicity · HIV‐negative people at risk of TB infection1 Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.16 [0.1, 0.27] | 1 study · 7799 participants | High |
Rifampicin vs isoniazid Adherence6 · HIV‐negative people at risk of TB infection1 Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [1.01, 1.3] | 5 studies · 1768 participants | Moderate |
Rifampicin vs isoniazid Treatment‐limiting adverse events · HIV‐negative people at risk of TB infection1 Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.23, 1] | 4 studies · 1674 participants | Very low |
Rifampicin vs isoniazid Hepatotoxicity:13 Grade 3 and 4 toxicity · HIV‐negative people at risk of TB infection1 Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.15 [0.07, 0.4] | 5 studies · 1774 participants | Moderate |
Rifampicin plus isoniazid vs isoniazid Active TB · HIV‐negative people at risk of TB infection Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.65, 1.79] | 1 study · 328 participants | Very low |
Rifampicin plus isoniazid vs isoniazid Adherence · HIV‐negative people at risk of TB infection Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.98, 1.17] | 2 studies · 524 participants | High |
Rifampicin plus isoniazid vs isoniazid Treatment‐limiting adverse events · HIV‐negative people at risk of TB infection Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.74, 1.82] | 2 studies · 536 participants | Low |
Rifampicin plus isoniazid vs isoniazid Hepatotoxicity · HIV‐negative people at risk of TB infection Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.43, 1.81] | 2 studies · 536 participants | Low |
Rifampicin plus pyrazinamide vs isoniazid Active TB: · HIV‐negative people at risk of TB infection1 Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.42, 4.13] | 2 studies · 176 participants | Very low |
Oral Isoniazid (INH) vs no intervention Clinical failure clinical observation · patients with BCG adverse reactions1 Treating BCG‐induced disease in children (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.48 [0.79, 2.78] | 2 studies · 54 participants | Very low |
Oral erythromycin vs placebo or no intervention Clinical failure clinical observation · patients with BCG adverse reactions Treating BCG‐induced disease in children (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.7, 1.53] | 3 studies · 148 participants | Very low |
Oral isoniazid plus rifampicin vs no intervention Clinical failure clinical observation · infants with BCG vaccine adverse reactions1 Treating BCG‐induced disease in children (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.51, 2.83] | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
Needle aspiration vs no intervention Clinical failure No regression of abscess by clinical evaluation2 · infants with BCG vaccine adverse reactions1 Treating BCG‐induced disease in children (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.03, 0.55] | 1 study · 77 participants | Low |
Local instillation of isoniazid vs erythromycin Time to resolution of illness Clinical observation · patients with BCG adverse reactions1 Treating BCG‐induced disease in children (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 27 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: ACT vs CQ Remaining parasitaemic at 24 hours · Adults and children with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria Artemisinin‐based combination therapy for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.36, 0.5] | 4 studies · 1652 participants | High |
Summary of findings: ACT vs CQ Remaining febrile after 24 hours · Adults and children with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria Artemisinin‐based combination therapy for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.43, 0.7] | 2 studies · 990 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: ACT vs CQ Effective treatment of the blood stage parasite As assessed by: Recurrent parasitaemia before day 28 · Adults and children with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria Artemisinin‐based combination therapy for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.18, 1.9] | 5 studies · 1622 participants | High |
Summary of findings: ACT vs CQ Post‐treatment prophylaxis As assessed by: Recurrent parasitaemia between day 28 and day 42/56/63 · Adults and children with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria Artemisinin‐based combination therapy for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.27 [0.08, 0.94] | 1 study · 376 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: ACT vs CQ Serious adverse events · Adults and children with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria Artemisinin‐based combination therapy for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.14, 7.04] | 5 studies · 1775 participants | High |
Summary of findings: DHA‐P vs alternative ACTs Effective treatment of the blood stage parasite As assessed by: Recurrent parasitaemia before day 28 · Adults and children with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria Artemisinin‐based combination therapy for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.08, 0.49] | 3 studies · 334 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: DHA‐P vs alternative ACTs Post‐treatment prophylaxis As assessed by: Recurrent parasitaemia between day 28 and 42 · Adults and children with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria Artemisinin‐based combination therapy for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.21 [0.1, 0.46] | 2 studies · 179 participants | Low |
Intervention NR ETEC diarrhoea · People travelling from non‐endemic settings Vaccines for preventing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) diarrhoea (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.61, 1.41] | 1 study · 502 participants | Low |