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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,112 questions in 171 reviews · Eyes and Vision
current versionsNo studies 587 · 27.8%Ungraded 95 · 4.5%Very low 446 · 21.1%Low 557 · 26.4%Moderate 361 · 17.1%High 66 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs macular laser Systemic adverse events at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs macular laser Quality of life at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal steroid Mean change in visual acuity at 1 year (number of letters read on logMAR chart) · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal steroid Gain or loss of 10 or more letters visual acuity at 1 year · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal steroid Mean change in central macular thickness at 1 year · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal steroid Significant intraocular inflammation at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: intravitreal anti‐VEGF plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal anti‐VEGF Mean change in central macular thickness at 1 year · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal steroid Development of cataract at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal steroid Raised intraocular pressure at 1 year at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | Peto OR 0.75 [0.16, 3.55] | NR | Very low |
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal steroid Systemic adverse events at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal steroid Quality of life at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: intravitreal anti‐VEGF plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal anti‐VEGF Significant intraocular inflammation at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | Peto OR 0.53 [0.05, 5.08] | NR | Very low |
Summary of findings: intravitreal anti‐VEGF plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal anti‐VEGF Development of cataract at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | Peto OR 7.49 [2.87, 19.6] | NR | Moderate |
Summary of findings: intravitreal anti‐VEGF plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal anti‐VEGF Raised intraocular pressure at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | Peto OR 8.13 [4.67, 14.16] | NR | Moderate |
Summary of findings: intravitreal anti‐VEGF plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal anti‐VEGF Systemic adverse events at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | Peto OR 1.32 [0.61, 2.86] | NR | Low |
Summary of findings: intravitreal anti‐VEGF plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal anti‐VEGF Quality of life at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs macular laser Mean change in visual acuity at 1 year (number of letters read on logMAR chart) · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs macular laser Gain or loss of 10 or more letters visual acuity at 1 year · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOL) vs non blue‐light filtering IOL Change in distance BCVA, between baseline and 12 months · adults undergoing cataract surgery with IOL implantation Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 131 participants | Moderate |
Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOL) vs non blue‐light filtering IOL Distance BCVA, considered as a dichotomous outcome (being the proportion of eyes that experienced loss of 15 or more letters from baseline BCVA), at six months · adults undergoing cataract surgery with IOL implantation Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 63 participants | Very low |
Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOL) vs non blue‐light filtering IOL Contrast sensitivity function, measured in log Contrast Sensitivity at six months · adults undergoing cataract surgery with IOL implantation Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOL) vs non blue‐light filtering IOL Colour discrimination, measured as the proportion of eyes that had a measurable loss from baseline using Farnsworth‐Munsell 100‐hue colour test score under photopic conditions at six months · adults undergoing cataract surgery with IOL implantation Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOL) vs non blue‐light filtering IOL Proportion of participants with adverse events with a probable causal link with the study interventions at six months · adults undergoing cataract surgery with IOL implantation Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOL) vs non blue‐light filtering IOL Proportion of eyes that developed late‐stage AMD, being CNV and/or GA, at three years of · adults undergoing cataract surgery with IOL implantation Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOL) vs non blue‐light filtering IOL Proportion of eyes that developed any stage of AMD at 12 months · adults undergoing cataract surgery with IOL implantation Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 144 participants | Very low |
Any quality improvement intervention vs usual care Proportion of participants attending screening (median · patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes eligible for diabetic retinopathy screening Interventions to increase attendance for diabetic retinopathy screening (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 56 studies · 329164 participants | Low |
Any quality improvement intervention vs usual care Ongoing adherence to screening · patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes eligible for diabetic retinopathy screening Interventions to increase attendance for diabetic retinopathy screening (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any quality improvement intervention vs usual care Economic Outcomes Resources used (staff time, equipment, consumables) · patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes eligible for diabetic retinopathy screening Interventions to increase attendance for diabetic retinopathy screening (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 85 participants | Low |
Any quality improvement intervention vs usual care Staff/personnel costs; costs of treatment and care; cost of primary care; lost wages and lost productivity · patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes eligible for diabetic retinopathy screening Interventions to increase attendance for diabetic retinopathy screening (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 85 participants | Low |
Any quality improvement intervention vs usual care Incremental Cost effectiveness of interventions · patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes eligible for diabetic retinopathy screening Interventions to increase attendance for diabetic retinopathy screening (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 85 participants | Low |
Stepped quality improvement intervention vs intervention alone Proportion of participants attending screening (median · patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes eligible for diabetic retinopathy screening Interventions to increase attendance for diabetic retinopathy screening (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 23715 participants | Moderate |
Stepped quality improvement intervention vs intervention alone Ongoing adherence to screening · patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes eligible for diabetic retinopathy screening Interventions to increase attendance for diabetic retinopathy screening (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Stepped quality improvement intervention vs intervention alone Economic outcomes · patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes eligible for diabetic retinopathy screening Interventions to increase attendance for diabetic retinopathy screening (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) vs Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) BCVA logMAR, 12 months' · participants/eyes with corneal endothelial failure Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) versus Descemet's stripping automated endothelial… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) vs Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) Severe visual loss (LogMAR BCVA of 1.0 or more) within 12 months' · participants/eyes with corneal endothelial failure Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) versus Descemet's stripping automated endothelial… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) vs Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) Endothelial cell count cells/mm2, 12 months' · participants/eyes with corneal endothelial failure Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) versus Descemet's stripping automated endothelial… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) vs Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) Corneal graft rejection any time pointa · participants/eyes with corneal endothelial failure Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) versus Descemet's stripping automated endothelial… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) vs Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) Primary graft failure any time pointa · participants/eyes with corneal endothelial failure Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) versus Descemet's stripping automated endothelial… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) vs Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) Corneal graft dislocation any time pointa · participants/eyes with corneal endothelial failure Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) versus Descemet's stripping automated endothelial… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 5.4 [1.51, 19.27] | NR | Low |
Nd:YAG laser vs argon‐green laser BCVA: loss of 15 or more ETDRS letters · people with proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.3, 2.13] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Diode laser vs argon laser Progression of PDR · people with proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.41, 2] | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Diode laser vs argon laser Regression of PDR · people with proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.35, 1.6] | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Diode laser vs argon laser Pain during laser treatment · people with proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 3.07 [2.15, 4.39] | 4 studies · 228 participants | Moderate |
Diode laser vs argon laser Vision‐related QoL ‐ not reported · people with proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Diode laser vs argon laser Adverse events · people with proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.05, 4.86] | 2 studies · 134 participants | Very low |
0.5 vs 0.1 second exposure BCVA: loss of 15 or more EDTRS letters ‐ 1 year · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 | 1 study · 44 participants | Low |
0.5 vs 0.1 second exposure BCVA: gain of 15 or more EDTRS letters ‐ 1 year · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.22 [0.68, 7.28] | 1 study · 44 participants | Low |
0.5 vs 0.1 second exposure Progression of PDR ‐ 1 year · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.02, 7.14] | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
0.5 vs 0.1 second exposure Regression of PDR ‐ 1 year · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.92, 1.48] | 1 study · 32 participants | Low |
0.5 vs 0.1 second exposure Pain during laser treatment ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |