What do systematic reviews say?

Alternative modes of exercise vs walking exercise

• Modes of exercise training for intermittent claudication 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 274 participants
  Low
• Modes of exercise training for intermittent claudication 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 412 participants
  Low

Alternative modes of exercise vs walking exercise

• Modes of exercise training for intermittent claudication 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 249 participants
  Low
• Modes of exercise training for intermittent claudication 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 382 participants
  Low

Alternative modes of exercise vs walking exercise

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Modes of exercise training for intermittent claudication 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Alternative modes of exercise vs walking exercise

• Modes of exercise training for intermittent claudication 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 96 participants
  Low

Does normal saline flushing in long‐term central venous catheters (CVC) prevent occlusion vs heparin flushing

It is very uncertain whether does normal saline flushing in long‐term central venous catheters… changes CVC occlusion rate per 1000 catheter days: ability to infuse… compared with heparin flushing (very low certainty).

• Normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) versus heparin intermittent flushing for the prevention of occlusion in long‐term… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Rate ratio 0.75 [0.1, 5.51]
  2 studies · 229 participants
  Very low

Does normal saline flushing in long‐term central venous catheters (CVC) prevent occlusion vs heparin flushing

Does normal saline flushing in long‐term central venous catheters… showed no clear difference in CVC‐associated blood stream infection rate per 1000 catheter days:… compared with heparin flushing (low certainty).

• Normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) versus heparin intermittent flushing for the prevention of occlusion in long‐term… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Rate ratio 1.48 [0.24, 9.37]
  2 studies · 231 participants
  Low

Does normal saline flushing in long‐term central venous catheters (CVC) prevent occlusion vs heparin flushing

• Normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) versus heparin intermittent flushing for the prevention of occlusion in long‐term… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 203 participants
  Moderate

Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs suprapubic catheterisation

It is very uncertain whether indwelling urethral catheterisation changes number of participants with symptomatic UTI compared with suprapubic catheterisation (very low certainty).

• Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.61, 1.69]
  5 studies · 575 participants
  Very low

Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs suprapubic catheterisation

It is very uncertain whether indwelling urethral catheterisation changes asymptomatic bacteruria compared with suprapubic catheterisation (very low certainty).

• Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.25 [1.63, 3.1]
  19 studies · 2316 participants
  Very low

Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs suprapubic catheterisation

Indwelling urethral catheterisation may leads to higher number of participants with pain compared with suprapubic catheterisation (low certainty).

• Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5.62 [3.31, 9.55]
  4 studies · 535 participants
  Low

Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs suprapubic catheterisation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs suprapubic catheterisation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs suprapubic catheterisation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Maintenance LTRA vs placebo

Maintenance LTRA showed no clear difference in number of participants experiencing one or more episode requiring… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.2 [0.7, 2.06]
  1 study · 347 participants
  Moderate

Maintenance LTRA vs placebo

Maintenance LTRA showed no clear difference in number of participants experiencing one or more episodes requiring… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.66 [0.37, 1.2]
  1 study · 347 participants
  Moderate

Maintenance LTRA vs placebo

Maintenance LTRA showed no clear difference in number of participants experiencing one or more episodes requiring… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.65 [0.23, 1.87]
  1 study · 347 participants
  Moderate

Maintenance LTRA vs placebo

Maintenance LTRA showed no clear difference in withdrawals ‐ Total number of withdrawals compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.87 [0.66, 1.13]
  2 studies · 1729 participants
  Moderate

Maintenance LTRA vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in death or hospital admission (moderate certainty).

• Intermittent preventive antimalarial treatment for children with anaemia 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.9 [0.71, 1.13]
  3 studies · 3160 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in children with anaemia (Hb < 11 g/dL) (moderate certainty).

• Intermittent preventive antimalarial treatment for children with anaemia 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.88, 1.07]
  4 studies · 2237 participants
  Moderate