Gap finder

Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Population

Intervention or exposure

Comparison

Outcome

Any field or review title

Field or topic

Source

Review versions

2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant

current versions

No studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Unfractionated heparin vs no pharmacological anticoagulation Cost to health care services · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Citrate vs unfractionated heparin Successful prevention of clotting · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.44 [1.1, 1.87]	3 studies · 88 participants	Moderate
Citrate vs unfractionated heparin Treatment cessation due to adverse events · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.47 [0.15, 1.49]	3 studies · 412 participants	Low
Citrate vs unfractionated heparin Recovery of kidney function · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.04 [0.89, 1.21]	2 studies · 214 participants	Low
Citrate vs unfractionated heparin Thrombocytopenia · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.39 [0.14, 1.03]	3 studies · 412 participants	Low
Citrate vs unfractionated heparin Cost to health care services · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Unfractionated heparin vs low molecular weight heparin Major bleeding · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.58 [0.13, 2.58]	5 studies · 153 participants	Low
Unfractionated heparin vs low molecular weight heparin Death: unknown time frame · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.78 [0.51, 1.18]	1 study · 29 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Change in serum albumin · people with CKD requiring dialysis Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	16 studies · 790 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Mid‐arm muscle circumference · people with CKD requiring dialysis Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 216 participants	Low
Intervention NR Lean mass · people with CKD requiring dialysis Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 189 participants	Low
Intervention NR Quality of life · people with CKD requiring dialysis Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	8 studies · 662 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Cost · people with CKD requiring dialysis Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 117 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR CRP · people with CKD requiring dialysis Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	8 studies · 436 participants	Very low
Intervention NR IL‐6 · people with CKD requiring dialysis Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 62 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Serum potassium · people with CKD requiring dialysis Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	7 studies · 357 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Serum phosphate · people with CKD requiring dialysis Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	7 studies · 403 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Serum albumin (end of intervention) · people with CKD requiring dialysis Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	14 studies · 715 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Serum prealbumin · people with CKD requiring dialysis Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 225 participants	Low
Intervention NR Death · people with CKD requiring dialysis Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Intolerance to therapy ‐ Gastrointestinal intolerance · people with CKD requiring dialysis Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 2.81 [0.58, 13.65]	6 studies · 426 participants	Low
Intervention NR Weight · people with CKD requiring dialysis Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	8 studies · 365 participants	Low
Intervention NR Body mass index · people with CKD requiring dialysis Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	9 studies · 368 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Triceps skinfold thickness · people with CKD requiring dialysis Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 367 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Mid‐arm circumference · people with CKD requiring dialysis Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 97 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Dialysate leak · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 3.9 [1.56, 9.78]	1 study · 122 participants	Low
Intervention NR Technique survival · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.09 [1, 1.2]	1 study · 122 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Dialysate leak · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 2.06 [0.8, 5.28]	1322 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Catheter blockage · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.33 [0.4, 4.43]	4 studies · 1214 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Catheter malposition · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.63 [0.8, 3.32]	6 studies · 1353 participants	Very low
Intervention NR PD dialysate flow problem · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.44 [0.34, 6.14]	3 studies · 937 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Exit‐site infection · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.43 [0.24, 8.61]	2 studies · 337 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Exit‐site bleeding · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.58 [0.07, 35.32]	1 study · 27 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Tunnel tract infection · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Peritonitis · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.68, 1.46]	7 studies · 1497 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Catheter readjustment · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.27 [0.4, 4.02]	2 studies · 739 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Catheter blockage · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Technique survival · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.9 [0.76, 1.07]	8 studies · 1668 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Dialysate leak · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 7.41 [1.27, 43.36]	2 studies · 160 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Catheter blockage · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.89 [0.58, 6.13]	2 studies · 160 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Catheter malposition · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 3 [0.64, 13.96]	1 study · 104 participants	Very low
Intervention NR PD dialysate flow problem · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Exit‐site infection · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.2 [0.41, 3.5]	1 study · 104 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Exit‐site bleeding · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Tunnel tract infection · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Peritonitis · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.09 [0.12, 9.51]	2 studies · 160 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Catheter readjustment · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Catheter malposition · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Technique survival · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.92 [0.79, 1.06]	2 studies · 160 participants	Very low
Intervention NR PD dialysate flow problem · people with CKD Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis versus conventional‐start peritoneal dialysis for people with chronic… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies