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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,112 questions in 171 reviews · Eyes and Vision
current versionsNo studies 587 · 27.8%Ungraded 95 · 4.5%Very low 446 · 21.1%Low 557 · 26.4%Moderate 361 · 17.1%High 66 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Ready‐made vs custom‐made spectacles Cost · school‐age children and adolescents Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school‐age children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ready‐made vs custom‐made spectacles Adverse effects · school‐age children and adolescents Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school‐age children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Free spectacles vs no free spectacles (prescription only) Visual acuity deficit due causes other than refractive error · school‐age children and adolescents Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school‐age children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Free spectacles vs no free spectacles (prescription only) Spectacle wearing · school‐age children and adolescents Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school‐age children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.6 [1.34, 1.9] | 2 studies · 1092 participants | High |
Free spectacles vs no free spectacles (prescription only) Quality of life · school‐age children and adolescents Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school‐age children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 2289 participants | Low |
Free spectacles vs no free spectacles (prescription only) Cost · school‐age children and adolescents Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school‐age children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2008 participants | Low |
Free spectacles vs no free spectacles (prescription only) Adverse effects · school‐age children and adolescents Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school‐age children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Moderate |
Educational intervention vs no educational intervention Uncorrected visual acuity deficit due to refractive error · school‐age children and adolescents Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school‐age children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Educational intervention vs no educational intervention Uncorrected visual acuity deficit due to refractive error · school‐age children and adolescents Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school‐age children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Single herb plus conventional intervention vs conventional intervention Progression of retinopathy · people with diabetic retinopathy Single herbal medicine for diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Single herb plus conventional intervention vs conventional intervention Visual acuity (gain of ≥ 2 lines) (end of treatment) · people with diabetic retinopathy Single herbal medicine for diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [1.08, 1.48] | 5 studies · 541 participants | Low |
Single herb plus conventional intervention vs conventional intervention Reduction in microaneurysms · people with diabetic retinopathy Single herbal medicine for diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 17.9 [1.05, 305.26] | 1 study · 146 participants | Very low |
Single herb plus conventional intervention vs conventional intervention Observations in retina: reduction in haemorrhages · people with diabetic retinopathy Single herbal medicine for diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 26.3 [1.59, 437.56] | 1 study · 146 participants | Very low |
Single herb plus conventional intervention vs conventional intervention HbA1c (%) · people with diabetic retinopathy Single herbal medicine for diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 215 participants | Low |
Single herb plus conventional intervention vs conventional intervention Adverse outcomes · people with diabetic retinopathy Single herbal medicine for diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 687 participants | Very low |
Low‐ vs high‐energy diode trans‐scleral cyclophotocoagulation Outcomes* · people with primary open‐angle glaucoma and no previous glaucoma surgery Cyclodestructive procedures for non‐refractory glaucoma (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐ vs high‐energy diode trans‐scleral cyclophotocoagulation Control of intraocular pressure · people with primary open‐angle glaucoma and no previous glaucoma surgery Cyclodestructive procedures for non‐refractory glaucoma (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.64, 1.65] | 1 study · 79 participants | Low |
Low‐ vs high‐energy diode trans‐scleral cyclophotocoagulation Mean change in intraocular pressure · people with primary open‐angle glaucoma and no previous glaucoma surgery Cyclodestructive procedures for non‐refractory glaucoma (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 79 participants | Low |
Low‐ vs high‐energy diode trans‐scleral cyclophotocoagulation Decrease in visual acuity · people with primary open‐angle glaucoma and no previous glaucoma surgery Cyclodestructive procedures for non‐refractory glaucoma (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.54, 2.76] | 1 study · 79 participants | Low |
Low‐ vs high‐energy diode trans‐scleral cyclophotocoagulation Mean visual field · people with primary open‐angle glaucoma and no previous glaucoma surgery Cyclodestructive procedures for non‐refractory glaucoma (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐ vs high‐energy diode trans‐scleral cyclophotocoagulation Number of glaucoma medications after treatment · people with primary open‐angle glaucoma and no previous glaucoma surgery Cyclodestructive procedures for non‐refractory glaucoma (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 79 participants | Moderate |
Low‐ vs high‐energy diode trans‐scleral cyclophotocoagulation Additional glaucoma surgery · people with primary open‐angle glaucoma and no previous glaucoma surgery Cyclodestructive procedures for non‐refractory glaucoma (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.31, 1.84] | 1 study · 79 participants | Low |
Low‐ vs high‐energy diode trans‐scleral cyclophotocoagulation Adverse events: atonic pupil · people with primary open‐angle glaucoma and no previous glaucoma surgery Cyclodestructive procedures for non‐refractory glaucoma (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.47, 1.68] | 1 study · 92 participants | Low |
Laser photocoagulation vs no intervention Improvement of BCVA defined as ≥ 15 ETDRS letters (i.e. 3 ETDRS lines or 0.3 logMAR · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Subthreshold vs standard macular photocoagulation Continuous BCVA: final (or change of) visual acuity · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Subthreshold vs standard macular photocoagulation Anatomic measures: partial to complete resolution of the macular oedema with stereoscopic fundus photography or biomicroscopy; retinal macular thickness with OCT and leakage on fluorescein angiography (IVFA) · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.21, 1.03] | NR | Low |
Subthreshold vs standard macular photocoagulation Final (or change of) central retinal thickness (μm): · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Subthreshold vs standard macular photocoagulation Quality of life measures · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Subthreshold vs standard macular photocoagulation Adverse events · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laser photocoagulation vs no intervention Worsening of BCVA defined as ≥ 15 ETDRS letters (i.e. 3 ETDRS lines or 0.3 logMAR · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.2, 0.9] | NR | Moderate |
Laser photocoagulation vs no intervention Continuous BCVA on the logMAR scale (lower logMAR scores represent better visual acuity) · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laser photocoagulation vs no intervention Anatomic measures: partial to complete resolution of the macular oedema with stereoscopic fundus photography or biomicroscopy; leakage on fluorescein angiography (IVFA); and, if available, retinal macular thickness with OCT · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.55 [1.3, 1.86] | NR | Moderate |
Laser photocoagulation vs no intervention Central retinal thickness (μm) · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laser photocoagulation vs no intervention Quality of life measures · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laser photocoagulation vs no intervention Adverse events · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Subthreshold vs standard macular photocoagulation Improvement of BCVA defined as ≥ 15 ETDRS letters (i.e. 3 ETDRS lines or 0.3 logMAR, recorded at 12 months (plus or minus 6 months). · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.31 [0.01, 7.09] | NR | Very low |
Subthreshold vs standard macular photocoagulation Worsening of BCVA defined as ≥ 15 ETDRS letters (i.e. 3 ETDRS lines or 0.3 logMAR, recorded at 12 months (plus or minus 6 months). · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.15, 5.76] | NR | Very low |
Botulinum toxin vs observation Improvement in ocular motility (ocular alignment ≤ 10 prism dioptres). · people with sixth nerve palsy Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.96, 1.48] | 1 study · 47 participants | Low |
Botulinum toxin vs observation Achievement of binocular single vision (fusion and stereopsis present). · people with sixth nerve palsy Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.96, 1.48] | 1 study · 47 participants | Low |
Botulinum toxin vs observation Improvement in functional ability · people with sixth nerve palsy Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Botulinum toxin vs observation Quality of life · people with sixth nerve palsy Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Botulinum toxin vs observation Adverse events. · people with sixth nerve palsy Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Gabapentin up to 900 mg/day) versus baclofen (up to 30 mg/day). · people with acquired nystagmus Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR 3,4‐DAP (20 mg, single dose) versus placebo. Assessments made 30 minutes after taking the drug or placebo · people with acquired nystagmus Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR 4‐AP (10 mg, single dose) versus 3,4‐DAP (10 mg, single dose) Assessments made at 45 and 90 minutes after taking the drug · people with acquired nystagmus Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 8 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: intravitreal anti‐VEGF plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal anti‐VEGF Mean change in visual acuity at 1 year (number of letters read on logMAR chart) · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs macular laser Mean change in central macular thickness at 1 year · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs macular laser Significant intraocular inflammation at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs macular laser Development of cataract at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | Peto OR 4.58 [0.99, 21.1] | NR | Very low |
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs macular laser Raised Intraocular Pressure at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane | Peto OR 9.49 [2.86, 31.51] | NR | Very low |