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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems
current versionsNo studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Emotion regulation group training (ERG) vs treatment ImpulsivityDERS3‐impulse dyscontrol · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Low |
Emotion regulation group training (ERG) vs treatment ParasuicidalityDERS3‐self‐harm frequency (transformed) · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Low |
Schema‐Focused Therapy‐Group (SFT‐G) vs treatment BPD total severityBSI1 · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Schema‐Focused Therapy‐Group (SFT‐G) vs treatment Affective instabilityDIB‐R3‐affect · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Schema‐Focused Therapy‐Group (SFT‐G) vs treatment ImpulsivityDIB‐R3‐impulses · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Schema‐Focused Therapy‐Group (SFT‐G) vs treatment interpersonal problemsDIB‐R3‐interpersonal · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Schema‐Focused Therapy‐Group (SFT‐G) vs treatment Dissociation/psychoticismDIB‐R3‐cognition · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving for borderline personality disorder (STEPPS) vs treatment BPD total severityBEST1 · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 124 participants | Moderate |
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) vs treatment parasuicidality ‐ DBT vs. TAU acts of self‐mutilation · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.78, 1.57] | 1 study · 51 participants | Low |
Systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving for borderline personality disorder (STEPPS) vs treatment Affective instabilityZAN‐BPD3‐affective subscale · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 124 participants | Moderate |
Systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving for borderline personality disorder (STEPPS) vs treatment ImpulsivityBIS4 · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 124 participants | Moderate |
Systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving for borderline personality disorder (STEPPS) vs treatment Interpersonal problemsZAN‐BPD3‐disturbed relations · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 124 participants | Moderate |
Systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving for borderline personality disorder (STEPPS) vs treatment Dissociation/psychoticismZAN‐BPD3‐cognitive subscale · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 124 participants | Moderate |
Systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving for borderline personality disorder + individual therapy (STEPPS+IT) vs treatment BPD total severityBPD‐401 · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 52 participants | Low |
Systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving for borderline personality disorder + individual therapy (STEPPS+IT) vs treatment Impulsivityno. of participants scoring above BPDSI‐IV3 impulsivity cut‐off score · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.66, 1.29] | 1 study · 58 participants | Low |
Systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving for borderline personality disorder + individual therapy (STEPPS+IT) vs treatment Parasuicidalityno. of participants scoring above BPDSI‐IV3 parasuicide cut‐off score · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.78, 2.22] | 1 study · 58 participants | Low |
Systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving for borderline personality disorder + individual therapy (STEPPS+IT) vs treatment Interpersonal problemsWHOQOL‐BREF4‐social relationships (mean scores multiplied by ‐1) · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 53 participants | Low |
Manual‐assisted cognitive treatment (MACT) vs treatment SuicidalitySBQ1 · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Manual‐assisted cognitive treatment (MACT) vs treatment ParasuicidalityPHI3‐deliberate self‐harm frequency · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) vs treatment Interpersonal problems ‐ DBT vs. TAUWHOQOL‐Bref6‐social relationships multiplied by (‐1) · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Low |
Psychoeducation (PE) vs waiting list (WL) ImpulsivityZAN‐BPD1‐impulsivity baseline to endpoint change · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Psychoeducation (PE) vs waiting list (WL) Interpersonal problemsZAN‐BPD1‐stormy relationships baseline to endpoint change · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) vs treatment Dissociation/psychoticism ‐ DBT vs. TAUDES7 · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) vs general management (GM) according to APA guidelines BPD total severityZAN‐BPD1 total · patients with borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 180 participants | Moderate |
Zinc vs placebo Mental Development Index BSID II. Scale from: 0 to 100 · infants and children Zinc supplementation for mental and motor development in children (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 2134 participants | Moderate |
Zinc vs placebo Psychomotor Development Index BSID II. Scale from: 0 to 100 · infants and children Zinc supplementation for mental and motor development in children (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 2134 participants | Moderate |
Zinc vs placebo Cognition scores · infants and children Zinc supplementation for mental and motor development in children (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Zinc vs placebo Intelligence quotient · infants and children Zinc supplementation for mental and motor development in children (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Zinc vs placebo Adverse effects · infants and children Zinc supplementation for mental and motor development in children (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Social Competence · People aged 6 to 21 with ASD Social skills groups for people aged 6 to 21 with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 178 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Social Communication Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language · People aged 6 to 21 with ASD Social skills groups for people aged 6 to 21 with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 34 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Emotion Recognition Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy‐2: Child Faces · People aged 6 to 21 with ASD Social skills groups for people aged 6 to 21 with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 54 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Friendship Piers‐Harris Self‐Concept Scale or Friendship Qualities Scale · People aged 6 to 21 with ASD Social skills groups for people aged 6 to 21 with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 101 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Loneliness Loneliness Scale · People aged 6 to 21 with ASD Social skills groups for people aged 6 to 21 with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 68 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Child Depression Beck Depression Index · People aged 6 to 21 with ASD Social skills groups for people aged 6 to 21 with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal Depression Beck Depression Index · People aged 6 to 21 with ASD Social skills groups for people aged 6 to 21 with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Primary outcomes and adverse effects · Preschool children from socially disadvantaged families Home‐based child development interventions for preschool children from socially disadvantaged families (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Cognitive development · Preschool children from socially disadvantaged families Home‐based child development interventions for preschool children from socially disadvantaged families (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 285 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Socioemotional development · Preschool children from socially disadvantaged families Home‐based child development interventions for preschool children from socially disadvantaged families (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 260 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Adverse effects · Preschool children from socially disadvantaged families Home‐based child development interventions for preschool children from socially disadvantaged families (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent use of iron supplements vs placebo or no intervention Anaemia (haemoglobin below a cut‐off defined by trialists, taking into account the age and altitude) Â · children under 12 years of age Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.37, 0.72] | 10 studies · 1824 participants | Moderate |
Intermittent vs daily use of iron supplements Iron status (ferritin (µg/L) · children under 12 years of age Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 902 participants | Low |
Intermittent vs daily use of iron supplements Iron deficiency anaemia · children under 12 years of age Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent vs daily use of iron supplements Mortality · children under 12 years of age Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent use of iron supplements vs placebo or no intervention Haemoglobin (g/L) · children under 12 years of age Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age (2011) · Cochrane | MD 5.2 [2.51, 7.88] | 19 studies · 3032 participants | Low |
Intermittent use of iron supplements vs placebo or no intervention Iron deficiency (using ferritin concentrations) · children under 12 years of age Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.06, 0.91] | 3 studies · 431 participants | Very low |
Intermittent use of iron supplements vs placebo or no intervention Iron status (ferritin (μg/L) · children under 12 years of age Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age (2011) · Cochrane | MD 14.17 [3.53, 24.81] | 5 studies · 550 participants | Low |
Intermittent use of iron supplements vs placebo or no intervention Iron deficiency anaemia · children under 12 years of age Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent use of iron supplements vs placebo or no intervention All‐cause mortality · children under 12 years of age Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent vs daily use of iron supplements Anaemia (haemoglobin below a cut‐off defined by trialists, taking into account the age and altitude) · children under 12 years of age Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [1.04, 1.47] | 6 studies · 980 participants | Low |