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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,325 questions in 216 reviews · Airways
current versionsNo studies 249 · 10.7%Ungraded 107 · 4.6%Very low 276 · 11.9%Low 751 · 32.3%Moderate 718 · 30.9%High 224 · 9.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Pneumonia, community acquired, at least 1 episode · patients with COPD Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.59 [0.41, 0.85] | 6 studies · 1372 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pneumococcal pneumonia, at least 1 episode · patients with COPD Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.26 [0.05, 1.31] | 3 studies · 1158 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Death from cardiorespiratory causes · patients with COPD Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2017) · Cochrane | OR 1.07 [0.69, 1.66] | 3 studies · 888 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Death from all causes · patients with COPD Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2017) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.72, 1.4] | 5 studies · 1053 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Hospital admission: any cause, at least 1 episode · patients with COPD Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.74 [0.32, 1.74] | 3 studies · 391 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR COPD exacerbation: at least 1 episode · patients with COPD Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.6 [0.39, 0.93] | 4 studies · 446 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Lung function: FEV1 (L) · patients with COPD Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 142 participants | Low |
MgSO4 + SABA + ipratropium vs SABA + ipratropium Pulmonary function (% predicted FEV1) (90 to 120 minutes) · adults and children with acute exacerbation of asthma Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 120 participants | Very low |
MgSO4 + SABA vs SABA Pulmonary function PEF L/min ‐ Children (60 minutes) · adults and children with acute exacerbation of asthma Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Low |
MgSO4 + SABA vs SABA Admission to hospital at initial presentation · adults and children with acute exacerbation of asthma Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.52, 1.15] | 6 studies · 375 participants | Low |
MgSO4 + SABA vs SABA Serious adverse events (During ED/hospital admission) · adults and children with acute exacerbation of asthma Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 243 participants | Low |
MgSO4 + SABA vs SABA Any adverse events (During ED/hospital admission) · adults and children with acute exacerbation of asthma Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 694 participants | Low |
MgSO4 vs SABA Lung function · adults and children with acute exacerbation of asthma Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
MgSO4 vs SABA Clinical severity score ‐ Fischl index (120 minutes) · adults and children with acute exacerbation of asthma Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 93 participants | Very low |
MgSO4 vs SABA Admission to hospital at initial presentation · adults and children with acute exacerbation of asthma Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.05, 5.31] | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
MgSO4 vs SABA Serious adverse events (During ED/hospital admission) · adults and children with acute exacerbation of asthma Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 53 participants | Low |
MgSO4 + SABA + ipratropium vs SABA + ipratropium Pulmonary function % predicted PEF (60 minutes) · adults and children with acute exacerbation of asthma Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 636 participants | Moderate |
MgSO4 + SABA + ipratropium vs SABA + ipratropium Clinical severity scores (60 minutes) · adults and children with acute exacerbation of asthma Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1130 participants | Low |
MgSO4 + SABA + ipratropium vs SABA + ipratropium Admission at first presentation · adults and children with acute exacerbation of asthma Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.91, 1] | 4 studies · 1308 participants | Moderate |
MgSO4 + SABA + ipratropium vs SABA + ipratropium Readmission (7 to 30 days) · adults and children with acute exacerbation of asthma Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.8 [0.84, 3.87] | 2 studies · 750 participants | Low |
MgSO4 + SABA + ipratropium vs SABA + ipratropium Serious adverse events (during admission) · adults and children with acute exacerbation of asthma Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 557 participants | Moderate |
MgSO4 + SABA + ipratropium vs SABA + ipratropium Any adverse event (during admission) · adults and children with acute exacerbation of asthma Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1197 participants | High |
MgSO4 + SABA vs SABA Pulmonary function % predicted FEV1 (20 minutes to 2 to 3 h) · adults and children with acute exacerbation of asthma Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 208 participants | Low |
MgSO4 + SABA vs SABA Pulmonary function PEF L/min ‐ Adults (20 minutes to 2 to 3 h) · adults and children with acute exacerbation of asthma Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 155 participants | Low |
Non‐invasive ventilation vs usual medical care Mortality · Patients admitted to hospital with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to an exacerbation of chronic obstructive… Non‐invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.38, 0.76] | 12 studies · 854 participants | Moderate |
Non‐invasive ventilation vs usual medical care Need for endotracheal intubation · Patients admitted to hospital with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to an exacerbation of chronic obstructive… Non‐invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.28, 0.46] | 17 studies · 1105 participants | Moderate |
Non‐invasive ventilation vs usual medical care Length of hospital stay (days) · Patients admitted to hospital with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to an exacerbation of chronic obstructive… Non‐invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 888 participants | Moderate |
Tailored interventions based on sputum eosinophils vs tailored interventions based on clinical symptoms Number of participants who had one or more exacerbations over the study period · adults and children with asthma Tailored interventions based on sputum eosinophils versus clinical symptoms for asthma in children and adults (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.36 [0.21, 0.62] | 3 studies · 228 participants | Moderate |
Tailored interventions based on sputum eosinophils vs tailored interventions based on clinical symptoms Hospitalisations · adults and children with asthma Tailored interventions based on sputum eosinophils versus clinical symptoms for asthma in children and adults (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.28 [0.09, 0.84] | 4 studies · 269 participants | Moderate |
Tailored interventions based on sputum eosinophils vs tailored interventions based on clinical symptoms Mean dose of inhaled corticosteroids per person per day (BUD equivalent mcg/day) · adults and children with asthma Tailored interventions based on sputum eosinophils versus clinical symptoms for asthma in children and adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 316 participants | Low |
Tailored interventions based on sputum eosinophils vs tailored interventions based on clinical symptoms Mean daily use of oral corticosteroids per person per day · adults and children with asthma Tailored interventions based on sputum eosinophils versus clinical symptoms for asthma in children and adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 68 participants | Ungraded |
Tailored interventions based on sputum eosinophils vs tailored interventions based on clinical symptoms Yearly cost per person (USD) · adults and children with asthma Tailored interventions based on sputum eosinophils versus clinical symptoms for asthma in children and adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 68 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Severe exacerbations requiring hospitalisation over the study period · Children from minority groups with doctor diagnosed asthma Culture‐specific programs for children and adults from minority groups who have asthma (2017) · Cochrane | OR 1.55 [0.6, 3.66] | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Number of exacerbations over 52 weeks · Children from minority groups with doctor diagnosed asthma Culture‐specific programs for children and adults from minority groups who have asthma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 110 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Number of participants who had one or more exacerbation of the study period · Adults from minority groups with doctor diagnosed asthma Culture‐specific programs for children and adults from minority groups who have asthma (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.8 [0.5, 1.26] | 1 study · 294 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Number of participants requiring oral corticosteroids over the study period · Adults from minority groups with doctor diagnosed asthma Culture‐specific programs for children and adults from minority groups who have asthma (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.97 [0.55, 1.73] | 1 study · 294 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Severe exacerbations requiring hospitalisation over the study period · Adults from minority groups with doctor diagnosed asthma Culture‐specific programs for children and adults from minority groups who have asthma (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.83 [0.31, 2.22] | 1 study · 294 participants | Very low |
Antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment Number of participants who were not cured at · children < 24 months with persistent respiratory symptoms following acute bronchiolitis Antibiotics for persistent cough or wheeze following acute bronchiolitis in children (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.69 [0.37, 1.28] | 2 studies · 249 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment Number of participants rehospitalised for a respiratory illness · children < 24 months with persistent respiratory symptoms following acute bronchiolitis Antibiotics for persistent cough or wheeze following acute bronchiolitis in children (2017) · Cochrane | OR 1.19 [0.67, 2.12] | 2 studies · 240 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment Proportion of participants with recurrent wheeze · children < 24 months with persistent respiratory symptoms following acute bronchiolitis Antibiotics for persistent cough or wheeze following acute bronchiolitis in children (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.47 [0.06, 3.95] | 2 studies · 240 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Patients with ≥ 1 exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids Duration of trials: 6 to 16 weeks · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.29, 0.86] | 4 studies · 815 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Change from baseline in mean asthma symptom score Greater the reduction, better the outcome Duration of trials: 12 to 13 weeks · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1539 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Overall adverse effects Duration of trials: 8 to 16 weeks · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.89, 1.03] | 6 studies · 1899 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Death Duration of trials: 12 to 13 weeks · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 834 participants | Low |
Intervention NR % change from baseline ICS dose Duration of trials: 12 to 24 weeks More reduction is better · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 930 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Participants with ≥ 1 exacerbation requiring oral corticosteroids Duration of trials: 8 to 24 weeks · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.2, 1.04] | 5 studies · 542 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Change from baseline in morning PEFR (L/min) Duration of trials: 12 to 24 weeks · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 218 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Overall adverse effects Duration of trials: 8 to 24 weeks · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.83, 1.08] | 6 studies · 1100 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Serious adverse events Duration of trials: 12 to 20 weeks · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.44 [1.52, 3.92] | 2 studies · 621 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Death Duration of trials: 8 to 24 weeks · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 3.1 [0.13, 75.1] | 6 studies · 1100 participants | Low |