What do systematic reviews say?

Telephone support vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Telephone interventions, delivered by healthcare professionals, for providing education and psychosocial support for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Interventions targeting patients vs usual care or interventions of the same type

• Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  424 participants
  Very low

Interventions targeting patients vs usual care or interventions of the same type

• Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1906 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1386 participants
  Very low

Interventions targeting patients vs usual care or interventions of the same type

• Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2272 participants
  Very low

Interventions targeting patients vs usual care or interventions of the same type

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found
• Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  212 participants
  Very low

Interventions targeting patients vs usual care or interventions of the same type

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found
• Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  116 participants
  Very low

Interventions targeting patients vs usual care or interventions of the same type

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found
• Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  116 participants
  Very low

Interventions targeting patients vs usual care or interventions of the same type

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found
• Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  105 participants
  Very low

Interventions targeting patients vs usual care or interventions of the same type

• Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  754 participants
  Very low

Interventions targeting patients vs usual care or interventions of the same type

• Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  224 participants
  Very low

Interventions targeting patients vs usual care or interventions of the same type

• Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  271 participants
  Very low

Professional interventions vs usual care

Professional interventions showed no clear difference in number of hospital admissions compared with standard/usual care (moderate certainty).

• Professional, structural and organisational interventions in primary care for reducing medication errors 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.24 [0.79, 1.96]
  3889 participants
  Moderate
• Professional, structural and organisational interventions in primary care for reducing medication errors 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.92, 1.06]
  3661 participants
  High

Professional interventions vs usual care

Professional interventions showed no clear difference in number of emergency department visits compared with standard/usual care (low certainty).

• Professional, structural and organisational interventions in primary care for reducing medication errors 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.71 [0.5, 1.02]
  1067 participants
  Low

Professional interventions vs usual care

Professional interventions showed no clear difference in mortality compared with standard/usual care (moderate certainty).

• Professional, structural and organisational interventions in primary care for reducing medication errors 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.82, 1.17]
  3538 participants
  Moderate

Organisational interventions vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether organisational interventions changes number of hospital admissions compared with standard/usual care (very low certainty).

• Professional, structural and organisational interventions in primary care for reducing medication errors 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.85 [0.71, 1.03]
  6203 participants
  Very low
• Professional, structural and organisational interventions in primary care for reducing medication errors 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.92 [0.86, 0.99]
  152237 participants
  Low

Organisational interventions vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether organisational interventions changes number of emergency department visits compared with standard/usual care (very low certainty).

• Professional, structural and organisational interventions in primary care for reducing medication errors 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.49, 1.15]
  1819 participants
  Very low

Organisational interventions vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether organisational interventions changes mortality compared with standard/usual care (very low certainty).

• Professional, structural and organisational interventions in primary care for reducing medication errors 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.85, 1.03]
  154962 participants
  Very low

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether self‐management interventions changes respiratory‐related hospital admissions compared with usual care (very low certainty).

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.75 [0.57, 0.98]
  3263 participants
  Very low
• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.69 [0.51, 0.94]
  14 studies · 3157 participants
  Moderate

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

Self‐management interventions showed no clear difference in respiratory‐related mortality compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.7 [0.89, 3.26]
  1572 participants
  Low
• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.94 [1.2, 3.13]
  7 studies · 1219 participants
  Very low

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

Self‐management interventions showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.86 [0.59, 1.26]
  5719 participants
  Low
• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.06 [0.71, 1.59]
  16 studies · 3296 participants
  Moderate