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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,016 questions · 2,067 findings · 222 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 471 · 22.8%GRADE not reported 108 · 5.2%Very low 570 · 27.6%Low 458 · 22.2%Moderate 363 · 17.6%High 97 · 4.7%

Antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Recurrence of symptomatic UTI in children · children with previous UTI and most do not have a renal tract abnormality such as VUR

Antibiotic treatment showed no clear difference in recurrence of symptomatic UTI in children compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Recurrence of symptomatic UTI in children without VUR · children with previous UTI and most do not have a renal tract abnormality such as VUR

Antibiotic treatment showed no clear difference in recurrence of symptomatic UTI in children without VUR compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Recurrence of symptomatic UTI in children with VUR · children with previous UTI and most do not have a renal tract abnormality such as VUR

Antibiotic treatment showed no clear difference in recurrence of symptomatic UTI in children with VUR compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Recurrence of symptomatic UTI in children, in studies with adequate allocation concealment · children with previous UTI and most do not have a renal tract abnormality such as VUR

Antibiotic treatment probably leads to lower recurrence of symptomatic UTI in children, in studies with adequate… compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Repeat positive urine culture · children with previous UTI and most do not have a renal tract abnormality such as VUR

It is very uncertain whether antibiotic treatment changes repeat positive urine culture compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Microbial resistance to prophylactic drug · children with previous UTI and most do not have a renal tract abnormality such as VUR

Antibiotic treatment showed no clear difference in microbial resistance to prophylactic drug compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs no intervention

Absence of clinical manifestations of congenital syphilis during · newborns with congenital syphilis

Antibiotic treatment showed no clear difference in absence of clinical manifestations of congenital syphilis during compared with no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs no intervention

Serological cure (4‐fold decrease or greater in non‐treponemal tests titre) · newborns with congenital syphilis

Antibiotic treatment may leads to higher serological cure (≥ 4‐fold decrease in non‐treponemal tests titre) compared with no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Combined mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation vs oral antibiotics

Surgical site infection · Patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Combined mechanical and oral antibiotic… changes surgical site infections compared with oral antibiotics alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Combined mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation vs oral antibiotics

Anastomotic leakage · Patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery

Summary of findings table ‐ Combined mechanical and oral antibiotic… showed no clear difference in anastomotic leakage compared with oral antibiotics alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Combined mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation vs oral antibiotics

All‐cause mortality · Patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery

Summary of findings table ‐ Combined mechanical and oral antibiotic… showed no clear difference in mortality compared with oral antibiotics alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Combined mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation vs oral antibiotics

Postoperative ileus · Patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery

Summary of findings table ‐ Combined mechanical and oral antibiotic… showed no clear difference in incidence of postoperative ileus compared with oral antibiotics alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review