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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Setting of BP measurement: self‐measurement vs conventional clinic measurement Number of antenatal hospital admissions · pregnant women with chronic or gestational hypertension Setting and techniques for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Setting of BP measurement: self‐measurement vs conventional clinic measurement Maternal admission to intensive care · pregnant women with chronic or gestational hypertension Setting and techniques for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.54 [0.06, 37.25] | 1 study · 154 participants | Low |
Setting of BP measurement: self‐measurement vs conventional clinic measurement Induction of labour · pregnant women with chronic or gestational hypertension Setting and techniques for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.82, 1.45] | 1 study · 154 participants | Low |
Setting of BP measurement: self‐measurement vs conventional clinic measurement Neonatal outcomes · pregnant women with chronic or gestational hypertension Setting and techniques for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Setting of BP measurement: self‐measurement vs conventional clinic measurement Stillbirth (death after 24 weeks inutero) · pregnant women with chronic or gestational hypertension Setting and techniques for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.57 [0.13, 52.63] | 1 study · 154 participants | Low |
Aspirin vs placebo Live birth · improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.71, 1.25] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Heparin plus aspirin vs aspirin Live birth · women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [1.09, 1.49] | 5 studies · 1295 participants | Low |
Heparin plus aspirin vs aspirin Pre‐eclampsia · women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.1, 3.14] | 2 studies · 82 participants | Low |
Heparin plus aspirin vs aspirin Adverse events in the mother ‐ Bleeding · women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.65 [0.19, 14.03] | 1 study · 31 participants | Low |
Heparin plus aspirin vs aspirin Adverse events in the mother ‐ Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia · women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 140 participants | Ungraded |
Heparin plus aspirin vs aspirin Adverse events in the mother ‐ Allergic reactions · women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 90 participants | Ungraded |
Heparin plus aspirin vs aspirin Venous thromboembolism · women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 182 participants | Ungraded |
Heparin plus aspirin vs aspirin Arterial thromboembolism · women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 182 participants | Ungraded |
Heparin plus aspirin vs aspirin Pregnancy loss · women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.32, 0.71] | 5 studies · 1295 participants | Low |
Heparin plus aspirin vs aspirin Preterm delivery of a live infant · women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 | 3 studies · 156 participants | Very low |
Heparin plus aspirin vs aspirin Intrauterine growth restriction · women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.33, 2.19] | 3 studies · 151 participants | Very low |
Aspirin vs placebo Pre‐eclampsia · improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.25, 4.52] | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Heparin plus aspirin vs aspirin Adverse events in the child ‐ Congenital malformations · women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 51 participants | Ungraded |
Aspirin vs placebo Adverse events in the mother ‐ Bleeding · improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.6, 2.77] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Aspirin vs placebo Venous thromboembolism · improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Aspirin vs placebo Arterial thromboembolism · improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Aspirin vs placebo Pregnancy loss · improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.34, 5.21] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Aspirin vs placebo Preterm delivery of a live infant · improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 5.29 [0.27, 102.49] | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Aspirin vs placebo Intrauterine growth restriction · improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.27 [0.03, 2.13] | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Aspirin vs placebo Adverse events in the child ‐ Congenital malformations · improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.07, 15.6] | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Cervical cerclage in combination with antibiotics and tocolytics vs cervical cerclage alone Serious neonatal morbidity (Reported in Miller 2014 as 'composite adverse outcome', which included the following neonatal morbidities: respiratory distress syndrome, necrotising enterocolitis, intraventricular haemorrhage, retinopathy of prematuri... Cervical stitch (cerclage) in combination with other treatments for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.31, 1.24] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Cervical cerclage in combination with antibiotics and tocolytics vs cervical cerclage alone Perinatal loss: all ‐ including miscarriages and stillbirth (Note: data not available for neonatal death) Cervical stitch (cerclage) in combination with other treatments for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.13, 1.64] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Cervical cerclage in combination with antibiotics and tocolytics vs cervical cerclage alone Baby discharged home healthy Cervical stitch (cerclage) in combination with other treatments for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cervical cerclage in combination with antibiotics and tocolytics vs cervical cerclage alone Neonatal death before discharge Cervical stitch (cerclage) in combination with other treatments for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cervical cerclage in combination with antibiotics and tocolytics vs cervical cerclage alone Stillbirth: intrauterine death at 24 or more weeks Cervical stitch (cerclage) in combination with other treatments for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Cervical cerclage in combination with antibiotics and tocolytics vs cervical cerclage alone Preterm birth < 34 completed weeks of pregnancy Cervical stitch (cerclage) in combination with other treatments for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.44, 1.4] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Probiotic vs placebo Hypertensive disorders (including pre‐eclampsia, pregnancy‐induced hypertension, eclampsia) · pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [0.64, 3.53] | 3 studies · 256 participants | Low |
Probiotic vs placebo Composite serious neonatal outcomes (variously defined by trials, e.g. infant death, shoulder dystocia, bone fracture, or nerve palsy · pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Probiotic vs placebo Neurosensory disability · pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Probiotic vs placebo Neonatal hypoglycaemia requiring treatment (variously defined) · pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.39, 1.84] | 3 studies · 177 participants | Low |
Probiotic vs placebo Adiposity (neonatal/child/child as an adult) · pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Probiotic vs placebo Diabetes(type1 or type2) or impaired glucose tolerance (child/adult) · pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Probiotic vs placebo Subsequent development of type 2 diabetes · pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Probiotic vs placebo Mode of birth (caesarean) · pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.3, 1.35] | 3 studies · 267 participants | Low |
Probiotic vs placebo Induction of labour · pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.74, 2.37] | 1 study · 127 participants | Very low |
Probiotic vs placebo Perineal trauma · pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Probiotic vs placebo Postnatal weight retention or return to pre‐pregnancy weight · pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Probiotic vs placebo Postnatal depression · pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Probiotic vs placebo Perinatal (fetal and neonatal) mortality · pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Probiotic vs placebo Large‐for‐gestational age > 90 centile · pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.35, 1.52] | 2 studies · 174 participants | Low |
Paracervical block vs intravenous diazepam/pethidine analgesia Pain intensity · women with persistent or prolonged retention of placenta Anaesthesia/analgesia for manual removal of retained placenta (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracervical block vs intravenous diazepam/pethidine analgesia Adverse events · women with persistent or prolonged retention of placenta Anaesthesia/analgesia for manual removal of retained placenta (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracervical block vs intravenous diazepam/pethidine analgesia Postpartum haemorrhage (blood loss ≥ 500 mL) · women with persistent or prolonged retention of placenta Anaesthesia/analgesia for manual removal of retained placenta (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Paracervical block vs intravenous diazepam/pethidine analgesia Requirement of additional analgesia or general anaesthesia · women with persistent or prolonged retention of placenta Anaesthesia/analgesia for manual removal of retained placenta (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracervical block vs intravenous diazepam/pethidine analgesia Serious maternal morbidity · women with persistent or prolonged retention of placenta Anaesthesia/analgesia for manual removal of retained placenta (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |