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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Use of initial sustained inflation vs standard inflations Cranial ultrasound abnormalities ‒Intraventricular haemorrhage grade 3 to 4 · preterm infants resuscitated by PPV at birth Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.56, 1.28] | 6 studies · 735 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Death ‒in the delivery room · infants below 33 weeks of postmenstrual age who required resuscitation in the delivery room Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 9 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Death ‒before discharge · infants below 33 weeks of postmenstrual age who required resuscitation in the delivery room Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 4.17 [0.25, 68.16] | 1 study · 9 participants | Very low |
High vs moderate protein concentration of human milk fortifier Weight gain (g/kg/day) until the end of the intervention · promoting growth and neurological development in preterm infants Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 606 participants | Moderate |
Moderate vs low protein concentration of human milk fortifier Cerebral palsy at ≥ 18 months · preterm infants Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Moderate vs low protein concentration of human milk fortifier Developmental delay at ≥ 18 months · preterm infants Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Moderate vs low protein concentration of human milk fortifier Mortality during the intervention period · preterm infants Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.05, 5.17] | 1 study · 112 participants | Ungraded |
High vs moderate protein concentration of human milk fortifier Length gain (cm/week) until the end of the intervention · promoting growth and neurological development in preterm infants Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 547 participants | Very low |
High vs moderate protein concentration of human milk fortifier Head circumference gain (cm/week) until the end of the intervention · promoting growth and neurological development in preterm infants Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 549 participants | Very low |
High vs moderate protein concentration of human milk fortifier Cerebral palsy at ≥ 18 months · promoting growth and neurological development in preterm infants Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
High vs moderate protein concentration of human milk fortifier Developmental delay at ≥ 18 months · promoting growth and neurological development in preterm infants Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
High vs moderate protein concentration of human milk fortifier Mortality during intervention period · promoting growth and neurological development in preterm infants Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Moderate vs low protein concentration of human milk fortifier Weight gain (g/kg/day) until the end of the intervention · preterm infants Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 176 participants | Very low |
Moderate vs low protein concentration of human milk fortifier Length gain (cm/week) until the end of the intervention · preterm infants Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 217 participants | Low |
Moderate vs low protein concentration of human milk fortifier Head circumference gain (cm/week) until the end of the intervention · preterm infants Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 217 participants | Very low |
Lactoferrin supplementation vs control All‐cause Mortality№ of participants: 5510(11 RCTs) · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.79, 1.2] | NR | Very low |
Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo All‐cause mortality · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.3, 1.13] | 2 studies · 671 participants | Very low |
Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo Bacterial sepsis · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.11, 0.72] | 1 study · 319 participants | Low |
Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo Fungal Infection · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.08, 0.71] | 2 studies · 494 participants | Low |
Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo Chronic lung disease · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.25, 1.79] | 1 study · 319 participants | Very low |
Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo Length of stay among survivors · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 496 participants | Very low |
Lactoferrin supplementation vs control necrotizing enterocolitis№ of participants: 4874(7 RCTs) · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.69, 1.17] | NR | Low |
Lactoferrin supplementation vs control Late onset sepsis№ of participants: 5425(12 RCTs) [Data includes both suspected and confirmed sepsis] · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.72, 0.89] | NR | Low |
Lactoferrin supplementation vs control Bacterial sepsis№ of participants: 3565(8 RCTs) · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.74, 1] | NR | Low |
Lactoferrin supplementation vs control Fungal infection№ of participants: 3266(6 RCTs) · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.23 [0.1, 0.54] | NR | Low |
Lactoferrin supplementation vs control Chronic lung disease№ of participants: 2984(5 RCTs) · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.89, 1.12] | NR | Low |
Lactoferrin supplementation vs control Length of hospital stay№ of participants: 1079(3 RCTs) · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo Any late‐onset sepsis ‐ All infants [Data on only confirmed sepsis available] · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.14, 0.46] | 3 studies · 564 participants | Low |
Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo NEC ≥ stage II · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.04 [0, 0.62] | 1 study · 496 participants | Very low |
Zinc supplementation vs placebo; no treatment Length (cm) after 6 months · the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age Zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 644 participants | Moderate |
Zinc supplementation vs placebo; no treatment Weight (g) after 6 months · the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age Zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 644 participants | Low |
Zinc supplementation vs placebo; no treatment Weight for age Z‐score after 6 months · the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age Zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 955 participants | Moderate |
Zinc supplementation vs placebo; no treatment Length for age Z‐score after 6 months · the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age Zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 955 participants | Moderate |
Zinc supplementation vs placebo; no treatment Weight for length z‐score after 6 months · the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age Zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 955 participants | Moderate |
Zinc supplementation vs placebo; no treatment Stunted after 6 months · the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age Zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.65, 1.03] | 3 studies · 955 participants | Moderate |
Zinc supplementation vs placebo; no treatment Wasted after 6 months · the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age Zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.48, 1.26] | 3 studies · 955 participants | Low |
Intervention NR PIPP score (difference between baseline and heel lance period) · Neonates Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for prevention or treatment of pain in newborns (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 72 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Duration of crying (seconds) during the first 3 minutes · Neonates Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for prevention or treatment of pain in newborns (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 72 participants | Low |
Intervention NR PIPP (maximum score within 3 minutes following lancing) · Neonates Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for prevention or treatment of pain in newborns (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 38 participants | Low |
Intervention NR PIPP score in first 45 seconds of eye examination · Neonates Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for prevention or treatment of pain in newborns (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Low |
Intervention NR PIPP score 5 minutes after eye examination · Neonates Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for prevention or treatment of pain in newborns (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 11 participants | Very low |
Phototherapy with reflective curtains vs phototherapy alone Decline in bilirubin at 4 to 8 hours (μmol/L) · newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia Use of reflective materials during phototherapy for newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 281 participants | Moderate |
Reflective curtains vs intensified phototherapy Acute life‐threatening events · newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia Use of reflective materials during phototherapy for newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 159 participants | Ungraded |
Reflective curtains vs intensified phototherapy Patient satisfaction · newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia Use of reflective materials during phototherapy for newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 159 participants | Ungraded |
Reflective curtains vs intensified phototherapy Breastfeeding on discharge · newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia Use of reflective materials during phototherapy for newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 159 participants | Ungraded |
Phototherapy with reflective curtains vs phototherapy alone Decline in serum bilirubin (over 24 hours) · newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia Use of reflective materials during phototherapy for newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 893 participants | Very low |
Phototherapy with reflective curtains vs phototherapy alone Exchange transfusion · newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia Use of reflective materials during phototherapy for newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2 participants | Ungraded |
Phototherapy with reflective curtains vs phototherapy alone Acute life‐threatening events · newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia Use of reflective materials during phototherapy for newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 11 participants | Ungraded |
Phototherapy with reflective curtains vs phototherapy alone Parental satisfaction · newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia Use of reflective materials during phototherapy for newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 11 participants | Ungraded |
Phototherapy with reflective curtains vs phototherapy alone Breastfeeding ondischarge · newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia Use of reflective materials during phototherapy for newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 11 participants | Ungraded |