Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,315 questions · 23,557 findings · 2,311 reviews

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No studies found 4,183 · 17.8%GRADE not reported 3,930 · 16.7%Very low 5,371 · 22.8%Low 5,787 · 24.6%Moderate 3,320 · 14.1%High 966 · 4.1%

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Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS, adjusted for periodontitis

Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · European GWAS participants

The MVMR IVW interval excluded zero.

1 finding from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · MVMR IVW
BETA 0.105 [0.011, 0.199]
28498 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS

Forearm fracture · European GWAS participants

The SVMR Weighted Median interval included the null.

3 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Weighted Median
OR 0.914 [0.799, 1.046]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR MR-Egger
OR 0.883 [0.738, 1.057]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Maximum Likelihood
OR 0.920 [0.836, 1.011]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS, adjusted for periodontitis

Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants

The MVMR MR-Egger interval included the null.

1 finding from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · MVMR MR-Egger
OR 1.011 [0.876, 1.167]
376746 participants
GRADE not reported

Omega‐3 (with risperidone and previous ASM) vs risperidone and previous ASM only

50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency · people with ADHD and epilepsy

Omega‐3 (with risperidone and previous ASM) showed no clear difference in proportion of people achieving 50% or greater reduction in monthly… compared with risperidone and previous ASM only (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.79 [0.84, 9.24]
1 study · 56 participants
Low

Omega‐3 (with risperidone and previous ASM) vs risperidone and previous ASM only

ADHD symptoms · people with ADHD and epilepsy

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Omega‐3 (with risperidone and previous ASM) vs risperidone and previous ASM only

Adverse drug events · people with ADHD and epilepsy

Omega‐3 (with risperidone and previous ASM) showed no clear difference in proportion of people experiencing adverse drug events compared with risperidone and previous ASM only (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.4 [0.44, 4.42]
1 study · 56 participants
Low

Omega‐3 (with risperidone and previous ASM) vs risperidone and previous ASM only

Seizure frequency · people with ADHD and epilepsy

1 finding from 1 review

Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 56 participants
Low

Omega‐3 (with risperidone and previous ASM) vs risperidone and previous ASM only

Proportion of individuals withdrawing from treatment · people with ADHD and epilepsy

Omega‐3 (with risperidone and previous ASM) showed no clear difference in proportion of individuals withdrawing from treatment compared with risperidone and previous ASM only (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.65 [0.12, 3.59]
1 study · 61 participants
Low

Omega‐3 (with risperidone and previous ASM) vs risperidone and previous ASM only

Seizure severity · people with ADHD and epilepsy

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS)

Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European-ancestry adults

In multivariable MR, genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) had no significant causal effect on osteoporosis with pathological fracture (OR 1.279, not significant).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for periodontitis
OR 1.279 [0.955, 1.713]
376746 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 1.261 [0.918, 1.732]
376746 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS)

Osteoporosis · European-ancestry adults

In multivariable MR (adjusted for periodontitis), higher genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) causally increased osteoporosis risk (OR 1.165, moderate evidence).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for periodontitis
OR 1.165 [1.020, 1.331]
483725 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 1.156 [0.994, 1.343]
483725 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS)

Bone mineral density in forearm · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) had no causal effect on forearm BMD.

1 finding from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR and MVMR (IVW)
No causal effect of oral diseases on FA-BMD was found (SVMR and MVMR); no numeric estimate reported in text (see Fig. 3).
8143 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS)

Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) had no significant causal effect on fracture of lumbar spine and pelvis (multivariable MR, OR 0.968).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for periodontitis
OR 0.968 [0.840, 1.114]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 0.950 [0.810, 1.113]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS)

Forearm fracture · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) had no significant causal effect on fracture of forearm (multivariable MR, OR 0.973).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for periodontitis
OR 0.973 [0.891, 1.063]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 0.921 [0.838, 1.012]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS)

Postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture · Postmenopausal women (European ancestry)

In multivariable MR (adjusted for periodontitis), genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) causally increased postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture (OR 1.422, moderate evidence).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for periodontitis
OR 1.422 [1.027, 1.969]
281786 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 1.343 [0.948, 1.901]
281786 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS)

Femoral neck bone mineral density (FN-BMD) · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) had no causal effect on femoral neck BMD.

1 finding from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR and MVMR (IVW)
No causal effect of oral diseases on FN-BMD was found (SVMR and MVMR); no numeric estimate reported in text (see Fig. 3).
32735 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS)

Femur fracture · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) had no significant causal effect on fracture of femur (multivariable MR, OR 1.069).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for periodontitis
OR 1.069 [0.923, 1.239]
489106 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 1.126 [0.975, 1.300]
489106 participants
GRADE not reported

Summary of findings table ‐ More compressed schedules vs less compressed schedules

Quality of sleep · Shift workers

1 finding from 1 review

Adapting shift work schedules for sleep quality, sleep duration, and sleepiness in shift workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
25 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ More compressed schedules vs less compressed schedules

Sleep length off‐shift · Shift workers

1 finding from 1 review

Adapting shift work schedules for sleep quality, sleep duration, and sleepiness in shift workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
30 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ More compressed schedules vs less compressed schedules

Sleepiness during shifts · Shift workers

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Adapting shift work schedules for sleep quality, sleep duration, and sleepiness in shift workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found