Caries increment (dmfs, primary and permanent teeth combined) · Children (mixed dentition; baseline about 8 years)
1 finding from 1 review
One study (252 children) compared xylitol (7.5 g/day) candy with control (sorbitol) candy over 36 months. The data could not be used in analysis because the authors combined primary/deciduous and permanent teeth and…
1 study · 252 participants
GRADE not reported
Number of infants with a caries increment (dmfs) · Infants (primary teeth)
Xylitol wipes (4.2 g/day) showed no clear difference in number of infants with a caries increment (dmfs) compared with control wipes (no xylitol) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects · Infants (primary teeth)
1 finding from 1 review
Caries increment (DFS) · adults
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects (sores in the mouth, cramps, bloating, constipation, flatulence, loose stool or diarrhoea) · adults
1 finding from 1 review
Patterns of adverse effects (sores in the mouth, cramps, bloating, constipation, flatulence, and loose stool or diarrhoea) were similar for both groups. Bader 2013.
1 study · 669 participants
GRADE not reported
Leaving the study early: any reason ‐ when compared with high dose ( greater than or equal to 10 mg) · patients with schizophrenia
ULTRA LOW DOSE (<2 mg/day) showed no clear difference in leaving the study early: Any reason ‐ when compared with high dose… compared with ANY DOSE ‐ short term (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Relapse · patients with schizophrenia
It is very uncertain whether INTERMITTENT (DRUG HOLIDAY) changes relapse: long term (+ 26 weeks) as defined in each study compared with MAINTENANCE THERAPY (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Hospital admissions · patients with schizophrenia
It is very uncertain whether INTERMITTENT (DRUG HOLIDAY) changes hospitalisation: medium term (13‐25 weeks) as defined in each study compared with MAINTENANCE THERAPY (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Global state: average score: long term (+ 26 weeks) Global Assessment Scale (GAS). Scale from: 0 to 100. · patients with schizophrenia
1 finding from 1 review
Mental state · patients with schizophrenia
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects: tardive dyskinesia: long term (+ 26 weeks) as defined in each study · patients with schizophrenia
It is very uncertain whether INTERMITTENT (DRUG HOLIDAY) changes adverse effects: tardive dyskinesia: long term (+ 26 weeks) as… compared with MAINTENANCE THERAPY (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Cost‐effectiveness · patients with schizophrenia
1 finding from 1 review
Leaving the study early/ loss to · patients with schizophrenia
It is very uncertain whether INTERMITTENT (DRUG HOLIDAY) changes leaving the study early/ loss to compared with MAINTENANCE THERAPY (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Relief of pain · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…
Levamisole (150 mg per day) showed no clear difference in decrease in pain compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
RR 4.29 [0.67, 27.24]
1 study
GRADE not reported
Decrease in frequency of attacks · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…
Levamisole (150 mg per day) showed no clear difference in decrease in frequency of attacks compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
RR 4.29 [0.72, 25.39]
1 study
GRADE not reported
Adverse effects · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…
1 finding from 1 review
Patients receiving levamisole reported more adverse effects than those receiving placebo (mild stomach upset/nausea, diarrhoea, sleeplessness, dysgeusia/dysosmia), however no adverse effects were reported as requiring…
8 studies
GRADE not reported
Effectiveness · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…
1 finding from 1 review
Decrease in duration of attacks · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…
Levamisole (150 mg per day) showed no clear difference in decrease in duration of attacks compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
RR 4.29 [0.67, 27.24]
1 study
GRADE not reported
Decrease in number of ulcers · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…
Levamisole (150 mg per day) showed no clear difference in decrease in number of ulcers compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
RR 7.88 [0.51, 121.96]
1 study
GRADE not reported
Adverse effects · Children (permanent teeth; baseline 8 to 10 years)
1 finding from 1 review