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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria) Head circumference growth · formula‐fed low birth weight infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria) IQ score and Bayley score at 18 months or later · formula‐fed low birth weight infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria) Necrotizing enterocolitis · formula‐fed low birth weight infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
High protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria) Linear growth (cm/week) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 48 participants | Low |
High protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria) Head circumference growth (cm/week) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
High protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria) IQ score and Bayley score at 18 months or later · formula‐fed low birth weight infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
High protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria) Necrotizing enterocolitis · formula‐fed low birth weight infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 46 participants | Low |
Very high protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria) Weight gain · formula‐fed low birth weight infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very high protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria) Linear growth · formula‐fed low birth weight infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very high protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria) Head circumference growth · formula‐fed low birth weight infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very high protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria) IQ score and Bayley score at 18 months or later · formula‐fed low birth weight infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Presence of PDA on third to fourth day of life (after 72 hours of treatment) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.31, 0.48] | 9 studies · 1029 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Presence of PDA on third day of life (72 hours of treatment) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 827 participants | High |
Intervention NR Need for surgical closure of PDA (during hospital stay) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.22, 0.96] | 7 studies · 925 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR IVH grade III to IV (during hospital stay) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.45, 1] | 7 studies · 925 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR NEC (during hospital stay) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.61, 1.5] | 9 studies · 1028 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Gastrointestinal haemorrhage (during hospital stay) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.05 [1.19, 3.51] | 5 studies · 282 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Oliguria (during ibuprofen treatment) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.45 [1.04, 2.02] | 4 studies · 747 participants | High |
Intervention NR Serum creatinine levels (mg/dL) (after treatment) Normal values for male and female newborns (17.7 to 88.4 µmol/L) (0.23 to 1.16 mg/dL) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 800 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Presence of PDA on day 3 or 4 of life (after 72 hours of treatment) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.3, 0.74] | 4 studies · 202 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Gastrointestinal haemorrhage (during hospital stay) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.01 [1.17, 3.48] | 4 studies · 202 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Use of 1 or more red blood cell transfusions (low and high doses of EPO) · preterm infants with low birth weight Early erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.74, 0.85] | 19 studies · 1750 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Time to achieve full enteral feeding (days) · preterm infants with low birth weight Early erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cerebral palsy at 18 to 24 months' corrected age · preterm infants with low birth weight Early erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.46, 1.13] | 6 studies · 1172 participants | High |
Intervention NR BSID‐III composite cognitive scores at 18 to 22 months The Bayley‐III has 3 main sub tests: the Cognitive Scale, which includes items such as attention to familiar and unfamiliar objects, looking for a fallen object, and pretend play; the Language... · neonates born preterm with low birth weight Early erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | MD 7.8 [1.65, 13.95] | 1 study · 80 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR WPPSI‐III FSIQ at 3.5 to 4 years of age Composite scores have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Average is 90 to 109. · neonates born preterm with low birth weight Early erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | MD 11.9 [0.76, 23.04] | 1 study · 53 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Any neurodevelopmental impairment at 18 to 22 months' corrected age (in children examined) · preterm infants with low birth weight Early erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.48, 0.8] | 4 studies · 1130 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Bayley‐II MDI at 18 to 24 months Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition, yields 2 single age‐standardised composite scores (range 50 to 150): a Mental Development Index (MDI), which measures cognition through sensory perception, knowl... · preterm infants with low birth weight Early erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | 8.22 [6.52, 9.92] | 3 studies · 981 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Necrotising enterocolitis (stage not reported) · preterm infants with low birth weight Early erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.52, 0.91] | 15 studies · 2639 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mortality during initial hospital stay (all causes of mortality) · preterm infants with low birth weight Early erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.68, 1.16] | 20 studies · 2212 participants | High |
Intervention NR Retinopathy of prematurity (stage ≥ 3) · preterm infants with low birth weight Early erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.81, 1.9] | 8 studies · 1283 participants | High |
Intervention NR Intraventricular haemorrhage (grades III and IV) · preterm infants with low birth weight Early erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.43, 0.85] | 8 studies · 1460 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Periventricular leukomalacia · preterm infants with low birth weight Early erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.48, 0.92] | 6 studies · 1469 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Survivors at discharge from hospital without severe IVH, PVL, ROP · preterm infants with low birth weight Early erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.93, 1.08] | 1 study · 443 participants | High |
Intervention NR Use of one or more red blood cell transfusions (low and high dose of EPO) during initial hospital stay · preterm infants with low birth weight Late erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents to prevent red blood cell transfusion in preterm or low birth weight… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.65, 0.79] | 21 studies · 1202 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Necrotising Enterocolitis ≥ Bell's stage 2 during initial hospital stay · preterm infants with low birth weight Late erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents to prevent red blood cell transfusion in preterm or low birth weight… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.45, 1.7] | 6 studies · 656 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mortality during initial hospital stay (all causes) · preterm infants with low birth weight Late erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents to prevent red blood cell transfusion in preterm or low birth weight… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.49, 1.39] | 14 studies · 767 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Retinopathy of prematurity (all stages or stage not reported) during initial hospital stay · preterm infants with low birth weight Late erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents to prevent red blood cell transfusion in preterm or low birth weight… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.99, 1.64] | 3 studies · 404 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Retinopathy of prematurity (stage ≥ 3) during initial hospital stay · preterm infants with low birth weight Late erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents to prevent red blood cell transfusion in preterm or low birth weight… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.73 [0.92, 3.24] | 3 studies · 442 participants | Very low |
Use of initial sustained inflation vs standard inflations Death ‒in the delivery room · preterm infants resuscitated by PPV at birth Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.66 [0.11, 63.4] | 5 studies · 479 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Rate of mechanical ventilation · infants below 33 weeks of postmenstrual age who required resuscitation in the delivery room Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 9 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Chronic lung disease ‒any grade · infants below 33 weeks of postmenstrual age who required resuscitation in the delivery room Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 9 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Chronic lung disease ‒moderate to severe BPD · infants below 33 weeks of postmenstrual age who required resuscitation in the delivery room Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.33, 2.37] | 1 study · 7 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Pneumothorax ‒at any time · infants below 33 weeks of postmenstrual age who required resuscitation in the delivery room Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 9 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Cranial ultrasound abnormalities ‒intraventricular haemorrhage grade 3 to 4 · infants below 33 weeks of postmenstrual age who required resuscitation in the delivery room Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.05, 2.98] | 1 study · 9 participants | Very low |
Use of initial sustained inflation vs standard inflations Death ‒before discharge · preterm infants resuscitated by PPV at birth Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.83, 1.43] | 9 studies · 1458 participants | Moderate |
Use of initial sustained inflation vs standard inflations Rate of mechanical ventilation · preterm infants resuscitated by PPV at birth Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.77, 1.02] | 4 studies · 910 participants | Moderate |
Use of initial sustained inflation vs standard inflations Chronic lung disease ‒any grade · preterm infants resuscitated by PPV at birth Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.84, 1.13] | 8 studies · 1418 participants | Moderate |
Use of initial sustained inflation vs standard inflations Chronic lung disease ‒moderate to severe BPD · preterm infants resuscitated by PPV at birth Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.74, 1.22] | 5 studies · 683 participants | Moderate |
Use of initial sustained inflation vs standard inflations Pneumothorax · preterm infants resuscitated by PPV at birth Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.57, 1.39] | 9 studies · 1458 participants | Low |