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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,463 questions in 125 reviews · Anaesthesia
current versionsNo studies 197 · 13.5%Ungraded 203 · 13.9%Very low 307 · 21%Low 441 · 30.1%Moderate 245 · 16.7%High 70 · 4.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
What is the effect of general anaesthesia including nitrous oxide vs without nitrous oxide on the risk of accidental awareness during general anaesthesia Accidental awareness ‐ Overall (AAGA) · surgical patients Nitrous oxide‐based versus nitrous oxide‐free general anaesthesia and accidental awareness during general… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 3439 participants | Very low |
What is the effect of general anaesthesia including nitrous oxide vs without nitrous oxide on the risk of accidental awareness during general anaesthesia Accidental awareness ‐ In recovery (AAGA) · surgical patients Nitrous oxide‐based versus nitrous oxide‐free general anaesthesia and accidental awareness during general… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 263 participants | Very low |
What is the effect of general anaesthesia including nitrous oxide vs without nitrous oxide on the risk of accidental awareness during general anaesthesia Accidental awareness ‐ 24 hours (AAGA) · surgical patients Nitrous oxide‐based versus nitrous oxide‐free general anaesthesia and accidental awareness during general… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 556 participants | Very low |
Rocuronium any dose vs succinylcholine Excellent versus other intubation conditions · People requiring rapid sequence induction intubation Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction intubation (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.81, 0.92] | 50 studies · 4151 participants | Moderate |
Acupoint PC6 stimulation vs sham Nausea ‐ All trials · People at risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.6, 0.77] | 40 studies · 4742 participants | Low |
Acupoint PC6 stimulation and antiemetic combination vs antiemetic Vomiting · People at risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.35, 0.91] | 9 studies · 687 participants | Very low |
Acupoint PC6 stimulation and antiemetic combination vs antiemetic Rescue antiemetic · People at risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.44, 0.86] | 5 studies · 419 participants | Low |
Acupoint PC6 stimulation and antiemetic combination vs antiemetic Adverse effects · People at risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 7 participants | Ungraded |
Acupoint PC6 stimulation vs sham Vomiting ‐ All trials · People at risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.51, 0.71] | 45 studies · 5147 participants | Low |
Acupoint PC6 stimulation vs sham Rescue antiemetics · People at risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.55, 0.73] | 39 studies · 4622 participants | Low |
Acupoint PC6 stimulation vs sham Adverse effects · People at risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 35 participants | Ungraded |
Acupoint PC6 stimulation vs antiemetic drug Nausea ‐ All antiemetics combined · People at risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.75, 1.1] | 14 studies · 1332 participants | Moderate |
Acupoint PC6 stimulation vs antiemetic drug Vomiting ‐ All antiemetics combined · People at risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.74, 1.17] | 19 studies · 1708 participants | Moderate |
Acupoint PC6 stimulation vs antiemetic drug Rescue antiemetic · People at risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.65, 1.16] | 9 studies · 895 participants | Moderate |
Acupoint PC6 stimulation vs antiemetic drug Adverse effects · People at risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 11 participants | Ungraded |
Acupoint PC6 stimulation and antiemetic combination vs antiemetic Nausea · People at risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.55, 1.13] | 8 studies · 642 participants | Very low |
lidocaine vs control (air/saline) Risk of sore throat 12 hours to 30 hours after the operation · patients presenting with postoperative sore throat Lidocaine for preventing postoperative sore throat (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.48, 0.85] | 16 studies · 1744 participants | Low |
lidocaine vs control (air/saline) Severity of sore throat 12 hours to 30 hours after the operation · patients presenting with postoperative sore throat Lidocaine for preventing postoperative sore throat (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 611 participants | Moderate |
Peribulbar vs retrobulbar Pain score none1. Scale from: 0 to 4. · patients with cataract surgery Peribulbar versus retrobulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 221 participants | Low |
Peribulbar vs retrobulbar Globe akinesia extraocular muscle motility · patients with cataract surgery Peribulbar versus retrobulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.82, 1.13] | 4 studies · 1042 participants | Low |
Peribulbar vs retrobulbar Need for additional injection Number of additional injections · patients with cataract surgery Peribulbar versus retrobulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.54 [0.91, 2.6] | 4 studies · 1029 participants | Low |
Peribulbar vs retrobulbar Local complications ‐ Retrobular haemorrhage · patients with cataract surgery Peribulbar versus retrobulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 8.05] | 1 study · 142 participants | Moderate |
Peribulbar vs retrobulbar Local complications ‐ Conjunctival chemosis presence of conjunctival chemosis · patients with cataract surgery Peribulbar versus retrobulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.11 [1.46, 3.05] | 4 studies · 1042 participants | Moderate |
Peribulbar vs retrobulbar Local complications ‐ Ptosis · patients with cataract surgery Peribulbar versus retrobulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.43, 2.6] | 1 study · 317 participants | Moderate |
Peribulbar vs retrobulbar Acceptability of blocks · patients with cataract surgery Peribulbar versus retrobulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.98, 1.03] | 2 studies · 600 participants | Moderate |
Topical anaesthesia vs sub‐Tenon's anaesthesia Intraoperative pain · patients with cataract surgery Sub‐Tenon's anaesthesia versus topical anaesthesia for cataract surgery (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 501 participants | High |
Topical anaesthesia vs sub‐Tenon's anaesthesia Pain during administration of anaesthesia · patients with cataract surgery Sub‐Tenon's anaesthesia versus topical anaesthesia for cataract surgery (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 184 participants | Low |
Topical anaesthesia vs sub‐Tenon's anaesthesia Pain at 24 hours · patients with cataract surgery Sub‐Tenon's anaesthesia versus topical anaesthesia for cataract surgery (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 200 participants | Moderate |
Topical anaesthesia vs sub‐Tenon's anaesthesia Surgeon's satisfaction Scale from 0 to 10 · patients with cataract surgery Sub‐Tenon's anaesthesia versus topical anaesthesia for cataract surgery (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 200 participants | Low |
Topical anaesthesia vs sub‐Tenon's anaesthesia Participant satisfaction · patients with cataract surgery Sub‐Tenon's anaesthesia versus topical anaesthesia for cataract surgery (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 26 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Co‐operation during induction ‐ Video 'fairytale' vs. no audiovisual aid (Passive) ICC = 0 (perfect vs. poor‐moderate compliance) · children Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.87, 1.96] | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Co‐operation during induction ‐ 2 parents vs. 1 parent Poor compliance: ICC > 6 · children Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.88 [0.61, 5.72] | 1 study · 58 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Anxiety during induction ‐ Parental presence vs. midazolam mYPAS. Scale from: 1 to 100. · children Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 192 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Co‐operation during induction ‐ Parental presence vs. midazolam Poor compliance: ICC > 6 · children Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children (2015) · Cochrane | RR 12.47 [0.72, 216.2] | 1 study · 62 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Co‐operation during induction ‐ Low sensory stimulation vs. control (Passive) ICC = 0 · children Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.45, 0.95] | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Co‐operation during induction ‐ Mask introduction/exposure (Mask) ICC (number of children compliant) · children Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [1.06, 1.51] | 1 study · 102 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Anxiety during induction ‐ Video game vs. midazolam (Interactive) mYPAS. Scale from: 1 to 100. · children Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 76 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Co‐operation during induction ‐ clowns/clown doctors vs. parental presence (Interactive) SAM ‐ arousal. Scale from: 1 to 5. · children Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Anxiety during induction ‐ hypnosis vs. midazolam (Interactive) mYPAS < 24 · children Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.33, 1.04] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Anxiety during induction ‐ Acupuncture for parents mYPAS. Scale from: 1 to 100. · parents with children Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 67 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Co‐operation during induction ‐ Acupuncture for parents Perfect induction ICC=0 · parents with children Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.59 [1.01, 2.53] | 1 study · 67 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Anxiety during induction ‐ Parental presence vs. no parental presence · children Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 557 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Block success (predicted adequacy of block) · People undergoing upper and lower limb blocks Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks (2015) · Cochrane | OR 2.49 [2.14, 4.04] | 17 studies · 1346 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Block success (supplementation or conversion to general anaesthesia · People undergoing upper and lower limb blocks Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.28 [0.2, 0.39] | 18 studies · 1807 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Paraesthesia · People undergoing upper and lower limb blocks Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.42 [0.23, 0.76] | 6 studies · 471 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Vascular puncture · People undergoing upper and lower limb blocks Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.19 [0.07, 0.57] | 5 studies · 387 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Time to perform block · People undergoing upper and lower limb blocks Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 690 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Number of attempts9 · People undergoing upper and lower limb blocks Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 7 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Patient discomfort9 · People undergoing upper and lower limb blocks Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 7 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mortality rate Risk ratio · cerebral protection during brain surgery Cooling for cerebral protection during brain surgery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.59, 1.27] | 4 studies · 1216 participants | Moderate |