Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,776 questions · 7,311 findings · 959 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 1,498 · 20.5%GRADE not reported 303 · 4.1%Very low 1,839 · 25.2%Low 1,991 · 27.2%Moderate 1,277 · 17.5%High 403 · 5.5%

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Pembrolizumab vs chemotherapy alone

Serious adverse events (irrespective of attribution to treatment)

Pembrolizumab may leads to lower serious adverse events (irrespective of attribution to treatment) compared with chemotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pembrolizumab monotherapy versus chemotherapy for treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma with disease progression… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.83 [0.72, 0.97]
1 study · 521 participants
Low

Low molecular weight heparin vs UFH

Incidence of recurrent VTE1 after initial treatment (up to 15 days) · patients with venous thromboembolism.

LMWH probably leads to lower incidence of recurrent VTE1 after initial treatment (up to 15 days) compared with UFH (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed dose subcutaneous low molecular weight heparins versus adjusted dose unfractionated heparin for the initial… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.69 [0.49, 0.98]
18 studies · 6238 participants
Moderate

Low molecular weight heparin vs UFH

Recurrent VTE · patients with venous thromboembolism.

LMWH probably leads to lower incidence of recurrent VTE1 (3 months compared with UFH (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Fixed dose subcutaneous low molecular weight heparins versus adjusted dose unfractionated heparin for the initial… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.71 [0.56, 0.9]
16 studies · 6661 participants
Moderate
Fixed dose subcutaneous low molecular weight heparins versus adjusted dose unfractionated heparin for the initial… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.72 [0.59, 0.88]
22 studies · 9489 participants
Moderate

Low molecular weight heparin vs UFH

Reduction in thrombus size (pre‐ and post‐treatment venograms) · patients with venous thromboembolism.

LMWH may leads to lower reduction in thrombus size (pre‐ and post‐treatment venograms) compared with UFH (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed dose subcutaneous low molecular weight heparins versus adjusted dose unfractionated heparin for the initial… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.71 [0.61, 0.82]
16 studies · 2909 participants
Low

Low molecular weight heparin vs UFH

Major bleeding · patients with venous thromboembolism.

LMWH probably leads to lower incidence of major haemorrhagic episodes (during initial treatment ‐… compared with UFH (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed dose subcutaneous low molecular weight heparins versus adjusted dose unfractionated heparin for the initial… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.69 [0.5, 0.95]
25 studies · 8780 participants
Moderate

Low molecular weight heparin vs UFH

Overall mortality (end of · patients with venous thromboembolism.

LMWH showed no clear difference in overall mortality (end of compared with UFH (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed dose subcutaneous low molecular weight heparins versus adjusted dose unfractionated heparin for the initial… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.84 [0.7, 1.01]
24 studies · 9663 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Early postoperative non‐thrombotic complications · Individuals with peripheral arterial disease

The intervention showed no clear difference in early postoperative non‐thrombotic complications (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bypass surgery for chronic lower limb ischaemia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.29 [0.96, 1.73]
6 studies · 1015 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Procedural mortality · Individuals with peripheral arterial disease

The intervention showed no clear difference in procedural mortality (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bypass surgery for chronic lower limb ischaemia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.67 [0.66, 4.19]
5 studies · 913 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Clinical improvement · Individuals with peripheral arterial disease

The intervention showed no clear difference in clinical improvement (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bypass surgery for chronic lower limb ischaemia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.65 [0.03, 14.52]
2 studies · 154 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Amputation · Individuals with peripheral arterial disease

The intervention showed no clear difference in amputation (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bypass surgery for chronic lower limb ischaemia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.24 [0.82, 1.87]
5 studies · 752 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Primary patency · Individuals with peripheral arterial disease

The intervention probably leads to higher primary patency (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bypass surgery for chronic lower limb ischaemia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.94 [1.2, 3.14]
4 studies · 300 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Primary patency · Individuals with peripheral arterial disease

The intervention showed no clear difference in primary patency (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bypass surgery for chronic lower limb ischaemia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.15 [0.74, 1.78]
2 studies · 363 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Mortality within · Individuals with peripheral arterial disease

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality within (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bypass surgery for chronic lower limb ischaemia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.94 [0.71, 1.25]
5 studies · 961 participants
High

Low molecular weight heparin vs vitamin K antagonist (VKA)

Recurrent VTE · patients with symptomatic VTE requiring long term treatment (3 months) for symptomatic VTE

LMWH showed no clear difference in incidence of recurrent VTE (treatment duration 3 months) compared with VKA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin K antagonists versus low‐molecular‐weight heparin for the long term treatment of symptomatic venous… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Peto OR 0.83 [0.6, 1.15]
16 studies · 3299 participants
Moderate

Low molecular weight heparin vs vitamin K antagonist (VKA)

Major bleeding · patients with symptomatic VTE requiring long term treatment (3 months) for symptomatic VTE

LMWH may leads to lower incidence of major bleeding (treatment duration 3 months) compared with VKA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin K antagonists versus low‐molecular‐weight heparin for the long term treatment of symptomatic venous… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Peto OR 0.51 [0.32, 0.8]
16 studies · 3299 participants
Low

Low molecular weight heparin vs vitamin K antagonist (VKA)

Mortality (treatment duration 3 months) · patients with symptomatic VTE requiring long term treatment (3 months) for symptomatic VTE

LMWH showed no clear difference in mortality (treatment duration 3 months) compared with VKA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin K antagonists versus low‐molecular‐weight heparin for the long term treatment of symptomatic venous… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Peto OR 1.08 [0.75, 1.56]
16 studies · 3299 participants
Moderate

Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids

Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks PMA · Neonates with developing BPD

Inhaled steroids showed no clear difference in death or BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age compared with systemic steroids (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.04 [0.86, 1.26]
1 study · 292 participants
Moderate
Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.94 [0.83, 1.05]
1 study · 78 participants
Low

Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids

Diastolic blood pressure > 95th percentile at 7 years · Neonates with developing BPD

Inhaled steroids probably leads to lower diastolic blood pressure > 95th percentile at 7 years compared with systemic steroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 69 participants
Moderate

Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids

Ever diagnosed as asthmatic by 7 years · Neonates with developing BPD

Inhaled steroids showed no clear difference in ever diagnosed as asthmatic by 7 years compared with systemic steroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.87 [0.55, 1.39]
1 study · 73 participants
Moderate

Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease · Neonates with developing BPD

Inhaled steroids showed no clear difference in BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age compared with systemic steroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.08 [0.88, 1.32]
3 studies · 429 participants
Low