All‐cause mortality · Critically ill patients (adults and children) receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU
Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo or usual care (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Salivary pH · Patients with drooling (sialorrhea) due to neurological disease
BoNT injections were not associated with significant changes in oral/salivary pH across three studies (ungraded; no effect estimate reported).
1 finding from 1 review
Clinical score · People with symptomatic, biopsy-confirmed oral lichen planus (OLP); not concurrently receiving other OLP treatment
1 finding from 1 review
Plaque index (PI) / oral hygiene · Critically ill patients (adults and children) receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU
1 finding from 1 review
Development of >=1 new carious lesion (caries incidence) · Patients with drooling (sialorrhea) due to neurological disease
In one RCT, BoNT-B 2500 U was not associated with a statistically significant increase in new caries versus placebo (RR 2.4, 95% CI 0.48 to 11.80; not significant).
2 findings from 1 review
Clinical resolution · People with symptomatic, biopsy-confirmed oral lichen planus (OLP); not concurrently receiving other OLP treatment
It is very uncertain whether topical corticosteroid changes clinical resolution compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects · People with symptomatic, biopsy-confirmed oral lichen planus (OLP); not concurrently receiving other OLP treatment
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of mechanical ventilation · Critically ill patients (adults and children) receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU
It is very uncertain whether chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care changes duration of mechanical ventilation compared with placebo or usual care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of ICU stay · Critically ill patients (adults and children) receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU
Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care showed no clear difference in duration of ICU stay compared with placebo or usual care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pain (mean score) · People with symptomatic, biopsy-confirmed oral lichen planus (OLP); not concurrently receiving other OLP treatment
1 finding from 1 review
Pruritus · pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis
1 finding from 1 review
Stillbirth · pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis
It is very uncertain whether ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) changes stillbirth compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Fetal distress/asphyxial events · pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis
It is very uncertain whether ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) changes fetal distress/asphyxial events compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Failure to induce global or clinical remission · Patients with active mild to moderate ulcerative colitis
Oral 5‐ASA leads to lower failure to induce complete global or clinical remission compared with placebo (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Failure to induce global or clinical improvement · Patients with active mild to moderate ulcerative colitis
Oral 5‐ASA probably leads to lower failure to induce global or clinical improvement compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Failure to induce endoscopic remission · Patients with active mild to moderate ulcerative colitis
Oral 5‐ASA probably leads to lower failure to induce endoscopic remission compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Failure to adhere to medication regimen · Patients with active mild to moderate ulcerative colitis
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Adverse events · Patients with active mild to moderate ulcerative colitis
Oral 5‐ASA showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with placebo (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Serious adverse events · Patients with active mild to moderate ulcerative colitis
Oral 5‐ASA showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Withdrawals due to adverse events · Patients with active mild to moderate ulcerative colitis
Oral 5‐ASA probably leads to lower withdrawal due to adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review