Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,248 questions in 108 reviews · Stroke
current versionsNo studies 275 · 22%Ungraded 56 · 4.5%Very low 269 · 21.6%Low 349 · 28%Moderate 216 · 17.3%High 83 · 6.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Functional ability measures (immediate outcome) · patients with memory deficits following stroke Cognitive rehabilitation for memory deficits after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 164 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mood measures (immediate outcome) · patients with memory deficits following stroke Cognitive rehabilitation for memory deficits after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 194 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mood measures (long‐term outcome) · patients with memory deficits following stroke Cognitive rehabilitation for memory deficits after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 175 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Quality of life measures (immediate outcome) · patients with memory deficits following stroke Cognitive rehabilitation for memory deficits after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 141 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Improvement of dependency at the end of treatment · adults with stroke Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 616 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Improvement of cognitive function at the end of treatment · adults with stroke Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | OR 3.82 [1.89, 7.72] | 3 studies · 166 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Improvement of depression at the end of treatment · adults with stroke Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 552 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Improvement of swallowing function at the end of treatment · adults with stroke Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 200 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Improvement of pain at the end of treatment · adults with stroke Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 118 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Improvement of sleep quality at the end of treatment · adults with stroke Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Improvement of spasticity at the end of treatment · adults with stroke Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Improvement of quality of life at the end of treatment · adults with stroke Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 71 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Improvement of global neurological deficit at the end of treatment · adults with stroke Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 240 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Improvement of global neurological deficit at the end of treatment · adults with stroke Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | OR 3.89 [1.78, 8.49] | 7 studies · 543 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Improvement of motor function at the end of treatment ‐ upper and lower extremities motor function (FMA) · adults with stroke Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 245 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Improvement of motor function at the end of treatment ‐ general motor function · adults with stroke Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Improvment of general motor function at the end of · adults with stroke Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Improvement of motor function at the end of treatment · adults with stroke Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | OR 2.41 [0.98, 5.96] | 2 studies · 125 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Improvement of cognitive function at the end of treatment · adults with stroke Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 278 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Improvment of cognitive function at the end of · adults with stroke Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 71 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Death or dependency at the end of the scheduled · ischaemic stroke Puerarin for ischaemic stroke (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.38, 1.37] | 2 studies · 164 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Proportion of participants without improvement of neurological deficit at the end of · ischaemic stroke Puerarin for ischaemic stroke (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.33, 0.55] | 16 studies · 1305 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Arm function · people with stroke Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | SMD 0.25 | 11 studies · 749 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Hand function · people with stroke Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | SMD 0.25 | 8 studies · 619 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Walking distance: change from baseline · people with stroke Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | MD 34.8 | 9 studies · 610 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Walking speed · people with stroke Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | SMD 0.39 | 12 studies · 685 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Functional ambulation · people with stroke Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | SMD 0.35 | 8 studies · 525 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Lower limb functional measures · people with stroke Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | SMD 0.29 | 5 studies · 419 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Global motor function scales · people with stroke Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | SMD 0.38 | 5 studies · 222 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adverse events · people with stroke Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.65 | 2004 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Death or dependency in ADL 3 months post‐operatively · people with intracranial aneurysm Intraoperative mild hypothermia for postoperative neurological deficits in people with intracranial aneurysm (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1164 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Decompressive craniectomy or corticectomy performed to reduce intracranial pressure during the surgery · people with intracranial aneurysm Intraoperative mild hypothermia for postoperative neurological deficits in people with intracranial aneurysm (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Newly developed postsurgical vasospasm or infarction during hospitalisation · people with intracranial aneurysm Intraoperative mild hypothermia for postoperative neurological deficits in people with intracranial aneurysm (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1164 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Duration of hospitalisation · people with intracranial aneurysm Intraoperative mild hypothermia for postoperative neurological deficits in people with intracranial aneurysm (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 114 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Destination of discharge (home or to another hospital) · people with intracranial aneurysm Intraoperative mild hypothermia for postoperative neurological deficits in people with intracranial aneurysm (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 114 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Postoperative infection of the wound, the lung, the urinary tract, or the skin within one week after surgery · people with intracranial aneurysm Intraoperative mild hypothermia for postoperative neurological deficits in people with intracranial aneurysm (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1164 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Cardiac arrhythmia or arrest within one week after surgery · people with intracranial aneurysm Intraoperative mild hypothermia for postoperative neurological deficits in people with intracranial aneurysm (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1047 participants | Ungraded |
Systemic antispasticity drugs vs placebo Indirect measure of spasticity Modified Ashworth Scale · people with spasticity following stroke Pharmacological interventions other than botulinum toxin for spasticity after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1.66 [0.12, 15.38] | 2 studies · 160 participants | Very low |
Systemic antispasticity drugs vs placebo Adverse events Adverse events per participant · people with spasticity following stroke Pharmacological interventions other than botulinum toxin for spasticity after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.65 [1.12, 2.42] | 2 studies · 160 participants | Very low |
Self management programmes vs usual care Quality of life Change scores/post intervention SF‐12 or ‐36: physical or mental functioning EuroQol; SAQoL; SSQoL · adults with stroke Self management programmes for quality of life in people with stroke (2016) · Cochrane | SMD 0.2 [0, 0.41] | 6 studies · 469 participants | Low |
Self management programmes vs usual care Self efficacy Change scores/postintervention Stroke self efficacy Locus of control · adults with stroke Self management programmes for quality of life in people with stroke (2016) · Cochrane | SMD 0.33 [0.04, 0.61] | 6 studies · 403 participants | Low |
Self management programmes vs usual care Activity limitations Change scores/post intervention FAI, NEADL, or BI · adults with stroke Self management programmes for quality of life in people with stroke (2016) · Cochrane | SMD 0.22 | 4 studies · 160 participants | Moderate |
Self management programmes vs usual care Impairments Change scores/post intervention HADS · adults with stroke Self management programmes for quality of life in people with stroke (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 648 participants | Low |
Caregiver‐mediated exercises vs control intervention Patient: ADL measures Barthel Index. Scale 0 to 100 ( · people with stroke Caregiver‐mediated exercises for improving outcomes after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 247 participants | Moderate |
Caregiver‐mediated exercises vs control intervention Caregiver: measures of mood, burden and QoL: burden Caregiver Strain Index Scale. 0 to 13 ( · people with stroke Caregiver‐mediated exercises for improving outcomes after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Moderate |
Caregiver‐mediated exercises vs control intervention Gait and gait‐related measures: walking speed in m/s ( · people with stroke Caregiver‐mediated exercises for improving outcomes after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 71 participants | Very low |
Caregiver‐mediated exercises vs control intervention Gait and gait‐related measures: walking distance · people with stroke Caregiver‐mediated exercises for improving outcomes after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 91 participants | Moderate |
Caregiver‐mediated exercises vs control intervention Measures of mood and QoL of the patient: Stroke Impact Scale Stroke Impact Scale mobility scale. Scale 9 to 45. (no · people with stroke Caregiver‐mediated exercises for improving outcomes after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 51 participants | Very low |
Caregiver‐mediated exercises vs control intervention Length of stay: length of stay in rehabilitation unit in days · people with stroke Caregiver‐mediated exercises for improving outcomes after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Caregiver‐mediated exercises vs control intervention Adverse outcomes: falls number of falls/patient (no · people with stroke Caregiver‐mediated exercises for improving outcomes after stroke (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Very low |